Transplantations Borderlands English Settlement in North America Chapter

Transplantations & Borderlands: English Settlement in North America Chapter 2

The English • Founded 13 colonies that make-up the initial part of the modern-day United States

Jamestown, Virginia (1607) • Became the first successful English colony • Founded by the Virginia Company, a joint-stock company – a company owned by a group of investors • Many people came in search of riches – spent time searching for gold rather than raising crops • Colony established in a swampy area, making them vulnerable to disease-carrying mosquitos • Freezing winters, infectious diseases, and starvation killed many of the settlers

Jamestown Settlement, 1609

Jamestown Fort & Settlement Map

Jamestown Housing

High Mortality Rates The “Starving Time”: 1607: 104 colonists By spring, 1608: 38 survived 1609: 300 more immigrants By spring, 1610: 60 survived 1610 – 1624: 10, 000 immigrants 1624 population: 1, 200 Adult life expectancy: 40 years Death of children before age 5: 80%

“Widowarchy” High mortality among husbands and fathers left many women in the Chesapeake colonies with unusual autonomy and wealth!

Tobacco Saves Jamestown!!! • John Rolfe saved the colony when he discovered a new crop: tobacco!!! • Created a class of wealthy, large land owners in Virginia • To attract more settlers, Virginia instituted the headright system – promised 50 acres of land to those would settle the colony • Result -> population grew

Tobacco Plant Virginia’s gold and silver. -- John Rolfe, 1612

Virginians and Native Americans • Native Americans already lived in Virginia – lived under a loose alliance led by Chief Powhatan • Tensions existed between Native Americans and Europeans almost immediately

Powhatan Confederacy

Powhatan Indian Village

Indian Foods

Culture Clash in the Chesapeake Relations between Indians & settlers grew worse. § General mistrust because of different cultures & languages. § English raided Indian food supplies during the starving times. 1610 -1614 First Anglo-Powhatan War § De La Warr had orders to make war on the Indians. Ø Raided villages, burned houses, took supplies, burned cornfields.

Powhatan Uprising of 1622

Culture Clash in the Chesapeake 1644 -1646 Second Anglo-Powhatan War § Last effort of natives to defeat English. § Indians defeated again. Peace Treaty of 1646 § Removed the Powhatans from their original land. § Formally separated Indian and English settlement areas!

Virginia’s Social Structure • Wealthy landowners exercised most of the power in the colony • Indentured servants were people who agreed to work for a landowner for up to seven years in exchange for the landowner paying for their trip - became free after contract was up - as more indentured servants became free, land became less available -> settlement pushed further and further west

Indentured Servitude Headright System: § Each Virginian got 50 acres for each person whose passage they paid. Indenture Contract: § 5 -7 years. § Promised “freedom dues” [land, £] § Forbidden to marry. § 1610 -1614: only 1 in 10 outlived their indentured contracts!

Nathaniel Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676 Led 1, 000 Virginians in a rebellion against Governor Berkeley Nathaniel Bacon Governor William Berkeley § Rebels resented Berkeley’s close relations with Indians. Ø Berkeley monopolized the fur trade with the Indians in the area. Ø Berkley refused to retaliate for Indian attacks on frontier settlements.

Bacon’s Rebellion (1676) • Poor farmers in western Virginia experienced increased conflicts with Native Americans along the frontier • Nathaniel Bacon rallied forces to fight the Native Americans • When Governor Berkley condemned conflict, Bacon turned his army on Jamestown and burned it down! • Sudden death of Bacon ended conflict, but uprising showed that colonists expected a government that served more than just a wealthy few

Results of Bacon’s Rebellion It exposed resentments between inland frontiersmen and landless former servants against gentry on coastal plantations. § Socio-economic class differences/clashes between rural and urban communities would continue throughout American history. Upper class planters searched for laborers less likely to rebel BLACK SLAVES!!

Slavery Arises in Virginia • Slavery – system in which people are “owned” like property • Increased as indentured servitude decreased • English viewed Africa as most efficient source for slaves • Slavery helped to firmly establish the plantation system in southern colonies – huge farms owned by wealthy landowners - raised cash crops – crops grown for trade or profit - slavery became important part of southern colonial economy

17 c Population in the Chesapeake WHY this large increase in black population? ?

Virginia’s Government • British adopted a policy of salutary neglect – English government basically let the colonists govern themselves • Colonies established representative governments • 1619 – Virginians established the House of Burgesses, the colonies’ first elected legislative body - white, male property owners could vote

Virginia House of Burgesses

Virginia Becomes a Royal Colony James I grew hostile to Virginia § He hated tobacco. § He distrusted the House of Burgesses which he called a seminary of sedition. 1624 he revoked the charter of the bankrupt VA Company. § Thus, VA became a royal colony, under the king’s direct control!

The 13 Colonies • New England Colonies – Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Connecticut • Middle Colonies – New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware • Southern Colonies – Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia

Another Way To Categorize 13 Colonies – by Time Period • Early 17 th Century (1600’s) - Chesapeake Colonies: Virginia and Maryland - New England Colonies: Massachusetts, …etc. ) • Late 17 th Century (1600’s) - Restoration Colonies: The Carolinas, New York and New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Delaware) • Early 18 th Century (1700’s) Georgia

Restoration Colonies • Founded in the late 17 th century • Founded during period in England known as The Restoration – refers to restoration of power to Charles II in 1660 following a brief period of Puritan rule under Oliver Cromwell

Different Types of Colonies • Royal colonies – governed directly by the king through an appointed royal governor • Proprietary colonies – granted to a group of private owners for development • Charter colonies – the crown granted a charter for the purpose of establishing a government

The Southern Colonies

Southern Colonial Society • Divided between rich plantation owners, poor farmers, and slaves • People believed that white male members of the upper class should be the ones in position of power and authority • Public education didn’t exist in southern colonies – taught by private tutors or sent to Europe if they could afford it • ***Established predominantly for economic reasons rather than religious reasons***

Southern Colonial Economy • Tobacco important cash crop for Virginia, Maryland, and North Carolina. • Rice and indigo important cash crops in South Carolina and Georgia • South relied on staple crops – crops that are in large demand provide the bulk of a region’s income - led to rise of plantation system & slavery

No Major Southern Cities • Large plantations tended to lie along rivers and inland waterways • Plantation owners had direct access to Atlantic ocean – didn’t have to transport goods to major ports or cities • Result -> South did not develop the major centers of commerce and large cities that arose in the North (exception – Charleston, SC)

Maryland

The Settlement of Maryland A royal charter was granted to George Calvert, Lord Baltimore, in 1632. A proprietary colony created in 1634. A healthier location than Jamestown. § Tobacco would be the main crop. His plan was to govern as an absentee proprietor in a feudal relationship. § Huge tracts of land granted to his Catholic relatives.

Colonization of Maryland

A Haven for Catholics Colonists only willing to come to MD if they received land. Colonists who did come received modest farms dispersed around the Chesapeake area. § Catholic land barons surrounded by mostly Protestant small farmers. § Conflict between barons and farmers led to Baltimore losing proprietary rights at the end of the 17 c. In the late 1600 s, black slaves began to be imported.

A Haven for Catholics Baltimore permitted high degree of freedom of worship in order to prevent repeat of persecution of Catholics by Protestants. § High number of Protestants threatened because of overwhelming rights given to Catholics. Toleration Act of 1649 § Supported by the Catholics in MD. § Guaranteed toleration to all CHRISTIANS. § Decreed death to those who denied the divinity of Jesus [like Jews, atheists, etc. ]. § In one way, it was less tolerant than before the law was passed!!

The Carolinas • Founded 1663, eight nobles became lord proprietors • 1729 – two royal colonies, South Carolina & North Carolina, formed • South Carolina – by middle 18 th century, large rice growing plantations resemble economy and culture of West Indies • North Carolina – small, self-sufficient tobacco farms; earned reputation for autonomy & democratic views

Port of Charles Town, SC The only southern port city.

YAMASEE WARS 1715 -1717 • Conflict between colonial South Carolina and various Indian tribes including: Yamasee, Creek, Catawba, Apalachee, Apalachicola, Yuchi, Savannah River Shawnee, Congaree, Waxhaws, Pee Dee, Cheraw, and others. • Hundreds of colonists were killed & settlements were destroyed

YAMASEE WARS

YAMASEE WARS CON’T • Contributing factors included: • trade, Indian slave trade, depletion of the deer population (for deerskin trade) • increasing Indian debts (coupled with increasing colonial wealth) • land encroachment • the spread of rice plantation agriculture • growth of French trading power (as an alternative to British trade) • established Indian links to Spanish Florida • power struggles between Indian tribes • an increasingly robust inter-tribal communication network • military collaborations among previously distant tribes.

Crops of the Carolinas Rice Indigo

Georgia: The Last Colony • 1732 – Georgia chartered; James Oglethorpe proprietor • Two reasons for creation of Georgia: 1. create buffer zone between South Carolina & Spanish Florida 2. haven for English debtors • Oglethorpe places ban on rum & slavery; colony does not thrive - constant threat of Spanish attack • 1752 – Georgia became a royal colony – restrictions on rum & slavery dropped • At time of American Revolution, Georgia still smallest and poorest of 13 colonies

1733 Savannah Grill pattern of settlement.

New England Colonies

New England Colonies • Established due to religious dissent – disagreement with the Anglican Church • Puritans saw North America as a place to escape persecution for their beliefs • 1620 – Puritans established a colony at Plymouth, Massachusetts - became known as the “Pilgrims” - celebrated first Thanksgiving in 1621

New England Government • Mayflower Compact – established an elected legislature and asserted that the government derived its power from the people of the colony - Puritans drafted it while still on board the Mayflower – boat that transported the colonists

New England Representative Government • Town meetings – local, tax-paying citizens met together to discuss and vote on issues • Puritans still believed that government should seek to enforce the will of God rather than the will of the people • Power tended to rest in the hands of church leaders and could be authoritative

Plymouth Colony • William Bradford elected first governor

The Massachusetts Bay Colony • Founded by joint-stock company in 1630 • John Winthrop elected first governor • Winthrop delivered famous sermon A Model of Christian Charity - “We shall be as city on a hill. The eyes of all people are upon us”

Importance of the Family • Puritans generally migrate as families • Community makes sure family behaves in “God-fearing” ways • “Covenant of Grace” – between Puritan communities and God • “Social Covenant” – between members of Puritan communities with each other; no toleration of deviance or disorder

Patriarchy • Authoritarian male figures controlled each household • Patriarchal ministers and magistrates controlled church congregations and household patriarchs

New England’s Colonial Economy • Soil too rocky for cash crops • Shipbuilding, rum, trade, and fishing became leading industries • Boston, Massachusetts became booming urban center for shipping of New England goods -> part of Triangular Trade • Farms were smaller and self-sufficient

New England Education • Puritans believed that everyone should be able to read the Bible – put a high priority on literacy • 1647 – MA passed laws requiring public schools for towns of 50 or more families • New Englanders founded Harvard and Yale -> primary purpose to train ministers

Religion & Dissent • Puritan church central part of life in New England • Dissenters – those who disagreed with the church – were often banished from the colony • Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson disagreed with the teachings of the Puritan church -> banished and played key roles in founding Rhode Island

Rhode Island • Roger Williams – extreme separatist minister in Boston (1631) • Believed that individual’s conscience was beyond control of any civil or church authority • Banished from Bay colony – flees to Narragansett Bay • Established settlement of Providence (1636) • Guarantees separation of church & state, religious freedom

Anne Hutchinson • Also questioned Puritan leadership • Antinomianism – idea that faith alone, not deeds, is necessary for salvation • Banished 1638 – founds colony of Portsmouth near William’s settlement • Migrates to Long Island killed in an Indian uprising

Connecticut • 1636 – Thomas Hooker disagreed with Puritan Church and left MA to found Connecticut • Hooker and followers wrote new laws for the settlement known as the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut – stated that the government’s power came only from the “free consent of the people” and set limits on what the government could do

New Hampshire • Last colony founded in New England • Originally part of Massachusetts Bay • King Charles II separated it in 1679 & made it a royal colony to increase royal control over the colonies

Crown Takes Over Massachusetts • MA colony lost its charter in 1684 • Massachusetts became a royal colony under leadership of king’s appointed governor • Crown established a new, representative legislature and abolished requirement that every member of legislature must be a member of Puritan church

The Half-Way Covenant • New generation of Puritans less religious than founders • Half-Way Covenant – established partial membership in the church for children and grandchildren of full members - Some Puritans saw it as a sinful compromise

Salem Witch Trials • 1692 – Salem, MA • Several young girls claimed they had been possessed by the devil & accused various townspeople of being witches • # of townspeople condemned to death • Occurred because of commitment to protect rigid guidelines of Puritan faith - driven by fear of townspeople

History of the Salem Witch Trials

Why did the Salem Witch Trials Occur? • Theories? • Could this type of event occur in modern times?

Theory to Explain Salem Witch Trials

New England & Native Americans • At first, relations between colonial settlers and Native Americans were peaceful • Native Americans taught the Pilgrims how to raise corn and survive harsh winters • Eventually, a series of wars broke out as settlers continued to move west

Native American Resistance • Natives make land treaties with colonists • Natives think treaties are temporary, colonists permanent • The Pequot War (1636 -37) – Pequot take stand against colonists, nearly destroyed

King Phillip’s War • 1675 – Native American leader known as “Metacom” (or King Phillip in English) united Native Americans in New England in an unsuccessful attempt to drive out English settlers - Killed nearly 2, 000 colonists before he was killed and his forces retreated • Virtually ended Native American resistance in New England

New England Confederation • 1643 – 4 New England colonies formed military alliance • Formed to battle threat of Native Americans • Lasted until 1684 – established precedent for colonies taking unified action toward a common purpose

The Middle Colonies

Introduction to the Middle Colonies

Middle Colonies • Sandwiched between the New England southern colonies • Religious tolerance • Culturally diverse - Swedes (Sweden) and Dutch (Netherlands) had successfully colonized parts of region prior to the British

Mid-Colonial Economy • Depended on farming and trade • Farmers raised crops like wheat, barley, and rye • Large cities like New York and Philadelphia - home to diverse group of people and a variety of businesses

Urban Population Growth 1650 - 1775

Pennsylvania • 1681 – Pennsylvania founded by William Penn • Became a homeland for Quakers – religious group that did not recognize class differences, promoted equality of the sexes, practiced pacifism (non-violence), and sought to deal fairly with Native Americans • Quakers made PA a place of religious tolerance, attracting German Lutherans, Scotch-Irish Presbyterians, and Swiss Mennonites

William Penn The “Holy Experiment”

Penn & Native Americans

William Penn & The Quakers

From “New Amsterdam” To “New York” • Area we know as New York originally a Dutch colony named “New Netherland” – residents spoke languages other than just English and exhibited a great deal of cultural diversity • 1625 – Dutch established a key trading post at the mouth of the Hudson River: New Amsterdam – became hugely successful trading port • 1664 – King Charles II of England decided he wanted the region and declared the entire area under the rule of his brother, the Duke of York - Unable to hold of British, New Amsterdam surrendered and was immediately renamed New York

Peter Stuyvesant Governor of New Amsterdam

New Netherland Falls to the English

Practice 1 What statement best describes Jamestown? a. It was the first English colony in North America. b. The colony thrived most before tobacco was discovered. c. Colonists normally lived in peace with Native Americans. d. Slavery became less important after Bacon’s Rebellion.

Practice 3 • Historians traditionally divide the original thirteen colonies into which of the following categories? a. North, West, East, and South b. North, Middle, South c. New England, Middle, Southern d. New England, Middle, Plantation

Practice 2 • Which colonial region was known for plantations, large numbers of slaves, and the production of rice and tobacco? a. New England b. Southern c. Middle d. Atlantic

Practice 3 What were plantations and how did they help make slavery an important part of colonial culture?

Practice 4 • In what ways were the motivations for founding the southern colonies different from those for founding the New England colonies? How did these differences affect the practice of religion in each region?