Translation Tutorial Start from the beginning Transcription review

Translation Tutorial Start from the beginning Transcription review The Genetic Code Transfer RNA Performing the Process Review Questions Place your keyboard aside. Only use the mouse.

Translation ribosome Translation takes place at the ribosome and it’s the process of the ribosomes creating proteins from smaller amino acids. How did we get to the ribosome? Let’s review. next

BACK Transcription Review CELL NUCEUS ribosome A process called transcription starts in the nucleus, where an enzyme called RNA polymerase splits the DNA molecule. next NEXT

BACK Transcription Review CELL NUCEUS AUG CCA UAU GGC UAA GCA ribosome NEXT A process called transcription starts in the nucleus, where an enzyme called RNA polymerase splits the DNA molecule. Next, free floating m. RNA nucleotides bond to the open DNA molecule. next Once finished, the m. RNA breaks away and exits the nucleus. The m. RNA will then join a ribosome. Now, the process of translation will begin. next

BACK Translation Process ribosome The ribosome will read 3 m. RNA nucleotides at a time. The 3 m. RNA nucleotides are called a codon. Each codon will match for the delivery of a specific amino acid. Remember that amino acids link together to create a single protein. Click to see the codons It took scientists many years of experimentation to learn which codon creates which amino acid. next

BACK Find AUG… This code calls for the delivery of the amino acid called methionine. Give it a click. The Genetic Code This table is the same for almost every organism on Earth. In the chart above, click on the “AUG” codon.

BACK AUG codon Find CCA… This code calls for the delivery of the amino acid called proline. Give it a click. Whenever an AUG codon is read by the ribosome, the amino acid called METHIONINE will be delivered to the ribosome. Notice how the chart says “start codon” below methionine? This also means that the codon AUG will activate the ribosome to start the process of making a protein. Click on the CCA codon.

BACK CCA codon Find the Stop Codons… These codes tells the ribosome to stop making a protein. Give one a click. Whenever a CCA codon is read by the ribosome, the amino acid called PROLINE will be delivered to the ribosome. This process will continue until a “Stop codon” is read by the ribosome. This is how the ribosome knows that a protein is finished. Click on any of the STOP CODONS.

BACK Transfer RNA Stop codons tell the ribosome to stop making a protein. So who…or what…is delivering these amino acids? In the cytoplasm, there are countless amino acids and other molecules called transfer RNA (t. RNA). t. RNA will pick up the proper amino acid and deliver it to the ribosome. Amino Acid serine next Amino acid proline next Amino Acid methionine

BACK Watching the Process The m. RNA enters the ribosome. The ribosome will begin to read the m. RNA one codon at a time. Click on the amino acid that will be 1 st delivered to the ribosome? Hint: Examine the Genetic Code chart on your handout to find the 1 st codon. Now that methionine is delivered, t. RNA drops off methionine and the ribosome moves to the next codon. next choices phenylalanine serine histidine Glutamic acid leucine proline glutamine cysteine isoleucine threonine asparagine tryptophan methionine alanine lysine arginine valine tyrosine Aspartic acid glycine Stop codon Amino acid methionine 1 st codon ribosome Examine the chart on your handout. Find the AUG code. AUG = methionine

BACK Watching the Process The m. RNA enters the ribosome. The ribosome will begin to read the m. RNA one codon at a time. Click on the amino acid that will be 1 st delivered to the ribosome? Hint: Examine the Genetic Code chart on your handout to find the 1 st codon. Now that methionine is delivered, t. RNA drops off methionine and the ribosome moves to the next codon. next choices phenylalanine serine histidine Glutamic acid leucine proline glutamine cysteine isoleucine threonine asparagine tryptophan methionine alanine lysine arginine valine tyrosine Aspartic acid glycine Stop codon Amino acid methionine ribosome

BACK Watching the Process The m. RNA enters the ribosome. The ribosome will begin to read the m. RNA one codon at a time. Click on the amino acid that will be 1 st delivered to the ribosome? Hint: Examine the Genetic Code chart on your handout to find the 1 st codon. Now that methionine is delivered, t. RNA drops off methionine and the ribosome moves to the next codon. Click on the next amino acid to be delivered. choices phenylalanine serine histidine Glutamic acid leucine proline glutamine cysteine isoleucine threonine asparagine tryptophan methionine alanine lysine arginine valine tyrosine Aspartic acid glycine Stop codon Amino acid methionine 2 nd codon ribosome Examine the chart on your handout. Find the CCA code. CCA = proline

BACK Watching the Process Correct! CCA is the codon for the amino acid proline. Transfer RNA will deliver proline to the ribosome. next Again, t. RNA will drop off the amino acid and exit. The ribosome will move to the next codon. next choices phenylalanine serine histidine Glutamic acid leucine proline glutamine cysteine isoleucine threonine asparagine tryptophan methionine alanine lysine arginine valine tyrosine Aspartic acid glycine Stop codon Amino Acid proline Amino acid methionine ribosome

BACK Watching the Process Correct! CCA is the codon for the amino acid proline. Transfer RNA will deliver proline to the ribosome. Again, t. RNA will drop off the amino acid and exit. The ribosome will move to the next codon. next choices phenylalanine serine histidine Glutamic acid leucine proline glutamine cysteine isoleucine threonine asparagine tryptophan methionine alanine lysine arginine valine tyrosine Aspartic acid glycine Stop codon Amino Acid proline Amino acid methionine ribosome

BACK Watching the Process Click on the amino acid which will be the 3 rd delivered to the ribosome. Once again, the t. RNA exits and the ribosome moves down a notch. next choices phenylalanine serine histidine Glutamic acid leucine proline glutamine cysteine isoleucine threonine asparagine tryptophan methionine alanine lysine arginine valine tyrosine Aspartic acid glycine Stop codon Amino Acid tyrosine Amino acid. Amino Acid methionine proline ribosome Examine the chart on your handout. Find the UAU code. UAU = tyrosine

BACK Watching the Process Click on the amino acid which will the 3 rd delivered to the ribosome. Once again, the t. RNA exits and the ribosome moves down a notch. Click on the amino acid that will be 4 th delivered. Examine the chart on your handout. Find the GGC code. GGC = glycine choices phenylalanine serine histidine Glutamic acid leucine proline glutamine cysteine isoleucine threonine asparagine tryptophan methionine alanine lysine arginine valine tyrosine Aspartic acid glycine Stop codon Amino Acid tyrosine Amino acid. Amino Acid methionine proline ribosome

BACK Watching the Process Yep… GGC is the codon for the amino acid GLYCINE. Transfer RNA will deliver glycine to the ribosome. Now next what happens? choices DNA helix splits This already happened. m. RNA reads the DNA t. RNA exits This already happened. phenylalanine serine histidine Glutamic acid leucine proline glutamine cysteine isoleucine threonine asparagine tryptophan methionine alanine lysine arginine valine tyrosine Aspartic acid glycine Stop codon Amino Acid glycine Amino acid. Amino Acid methionine proline tyrosine ribosome

BACK Watching the Process You got it! Examine the next codon and click the proper choice from the table below. choices phenylalanine serine histidine Glutamic acid leucine proline glutamine cysteine isoleucine threonine asparagine tryptophan methionine alanine lysine arginine valine tyrosine Aspartic acid glycine Stop codon Amino Acid glycine Amino acid. Amino Acid methionine proline tyrosine ribosome Examine the chart on your handout. Find the UAA code. UAA = stop codon

BACK Watching the Process STOP! This protein is finished. The ribosome and m. RNA will break apart. How many amino acids long is this finished protein? One Two Three Four Just count em up. Methionine, proline, tyrosine, glycine Correct choices phenylalanine serine histidine Glutamic acid leucine proline glutamine cysteine isoleucine threonine asparagine tryptophan methionine alanine lysine arginine valine tyrosine Aspartic acid glycine Stop codon Five Just count em up. Methionine, proline, tyrosine, glycine Amino acid. Amino Acid methionine proline glycine tyrosine ribosome

BACK Amino acid. Amino Acid methionine proline glycine tyrosine This protein is only 4 amino acids in length. In reality, they are often thousands of amino acids in size. This finished protein will now by used by the cell or exported by which organelle of the cell? mitochondria Creates ATP molecules Good memory Golgi body Rough ER Transports ribosomes around the cell Chloroplast Performs photosynthesis to make sugar

BACK Final Review #1: Which process creates the m. RNA that is read by the ribosome? Replication This process creates more DNA Transcription You got it. Translation This process creates proteins

BACK Final Review #2: What does t. RNA deliver to the ribosome? DNA holds the information to make a protein m. RNA contains the codes needed to make a protein DNA Proteins are the final product. What are their smaller parts called? Amino acids You got it. Proteins

BACK Final Review #3: Which molecule directly determines which amino acid transfer RNA delivers to the ribosome? This molecule indirectly holds the code to make an amino acid Messenger RNA You got it. DNA The nucleus only stores the DNA RNA Polymerase This enzyme splits DNA during transcription The Nucleus

BACK Final Review #4: Where does the process of translation take place? You got it. This is where transcription happens Inside the nucleus Inside the Golgi body This is where proteins go before they are exported from the cell At the ribosome Inside the vacuole The vacuole holds food and water

BACK Final Review #5: If the DNA code was TTC-AAT-GGC, perform transcription to determine the m. RNA code. DNA A with RNA U DNA T with RNA A DNA C with RNA G DNA G with RNA C AAG-TTA-CCG TTC-AAT-GGC You got it. AAG-UUA-CCG UUG-TTA-UCG DNA A with RNA U DNA T with RNA A DNA C with RNA G DNA G with RNA C

BACK Final Review #6: If the m. RNA code is AAG-UUA-CCG, which three amino acids are going to be delivered to the ribosome? LYSINE – CYSTEINE - ASPARAGINE LEUCINE - PROLINE - VALINE You got it. LYSINE – LEUCINE - PROLINE SERINE – METHIONINE - GLUTAMIC ACID

BACK I hope this tutorial was helpful. Turn in your handout. Feel free to start over if you would like to do some review.

AAG -UUA-CCG I will help you get started. The first codon is AAG. Find AAG on the m. RNA codon chart. AAG codes for lysine. This is the amino acid that t. RNA will deliver. return