Translation Protein Synthesis RNA protein Making a protein

Translation (Protein Synthesis) RNA protein

Making a protein • Many RNAs needed – m. RNA, t. RNA, r. RNA

Messenger RNA (m. RNA) • Carries coded instructions for protein synthesis (translation) – From the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome

The genetic code • Codons – instructions for making a protein, a series of three nucleotides on the m. RNA – Each codon signifies start, stop, or an amino acid

The genetic code

Transfer RNA (t. RNA) • Brings amino acids to the ribosome so it can build proteins • It has Anticodons – 3 nucleotide sequence complementary to the m. RNA codon

Ribosomal RNA (r. RNA) • Makes up ribosomes

Making a protein • m. RNA from nucleus Through cytoplasm to the ribosome m. RNA start codon AUG signals beginning of protein

Making a protein • t. RNA with the complementary anticodon carries amino acid (a. a. ) to bind to the codon

Making a protein • Enzymes help form peptide bonds between amino acids • This continues until a stop codon is reached • Protein is released into the cell • Watch • This one too!

Do we need new m. RNA every time? • NO • The same m. RNA may be used to make many copies of the same protein.

Mutations • Point mutation – Change in one or a few nucleotides

Mutations • Substitution – can have no effect – Protein could not be made – Protein made w/ wrong amino acid (nonfunctional protein)

Mutations • Insertions/deletions – 1 or more nucleotides added or deleted – Can result in frame shift mutations