Transitions Connectors Types of Sentences Sentence Simple Sentence

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Transitions / Connectors

Transitions / Connectors

Types of Sentences Sentence Simple Sentence 1 independent clause eg 1471/jc/dec 2008 Compound Sentence

Types of Sentences Sentence Simple Sentence 1 independent clause eg 1471/jc/dec 2008 Compound Sentence 2 or > independent clauses Complex Sentence At least 1 independent clause with other dependent clause(s)

Identify the sentence types n n n Politicians and scientists should work closely to

Identify the sentence types n n n Politicians and scientists should work closely to solve environmental problems. Conservation of energy is an urgent matter. Engineers play an important role in society through technological advances which cover various fields such as healthcare, computing, and stem cell research. eg 1471/jc/dec 2008

Identify the sentence types n n n Politicians and scientists should work closely to

Identify the sentence types n n n Politicians and scientists should work closely to solve environmental problems. (Compound) Conservation of energy is an urgent matter. (Simple) Engineers play an important role in society through technological advances which cover various fields such as healthcare, computing, and stem cell research. (Complex) eg 1471/jc/dec 2008

Errors in Transitions n Happen when connectors used between words, clauses, sentences or paragraphs

Errors in Transitions n Happen when connectors used between words, clauses, sentences or paragraphs are ambiguous or illogical Engineering is an important discipline, it is considered the engine of any economy. To save the earth, we should not only focus on energy conservation and also consider renewable energies. eg 1471/jc/dec 2008

Errors in Transitions n Happen when connectors used between words, clauses, sentences or paragraphs

Errors in Transitions n Happen when connectors used between words, clauses, sentences or paragraphs are ambiguous or illogical Engineering is an important discipline; it is considered the engine of any economy. (punctuation – use of comma splice) To save the earth, we should not only focus on energy conservation but also consider renewable energies. (wrong use of connector) eg 1471/jc/dec 2008

Transitions n n n Function like traffic signs Tell you about the connections between

Transitions n n n Function like traffic signs Tell you about the connections between ideas e. g. similarities, differences, opposition, consequences etc. Provide coherence within a sentence; across sentences; within a paragraph and across paragraphs eg 1471/jc/dec 2008

Types of Transitions / Connectors n Connectors join similar grammatical structures Oil and water

Types of Transitions / Connectors n Connectors join similar grammatical structures Oil and water do not mix. n Transitions link sentences and paragraphs Bioengineering is an expanding field; however, job opportunities may be limited. eg 1471/jc/dec 2008

Types of Transitions / Connectors n Subordinators connect a dependent clause with at least

Types of Transitions / Connectors n Subordinators connect a dependent clause with at least one independent clause When accurate weather prediction tools are available, we should be able to anticipate the disasters and hopefully reduce the fatalities. eg 1471/jc/dec 2008

Meaning of Connectors n n n To add information To illustrate or give an

Meaning of Connectors n n n To add information To illustrate or give an example To show contrast Please refer to Lane and Lange To show concession (1999) for more details and To show similarity examples. See pp. 170 -175. To show a result To provide a reason or cause To establish a time relationship or order To show a condition To explain or emphasize To give a choice or alternative eg 1471/jc/dec 2008

To Add Information Coordinating Conjunctions Coorrelative Conjunctions and not only…but also both…and Transitional Words

To Add Information Coordinating Conjunctions Coorrelative Conjunctions and not only…but also both…and Transitional Words and Phrases also besides moreover furthermore in additionally eg 1471/jc/dec 2008

To Illustrate or Give an Example Coordinating Conjunctions Coorrelative Conjunctions Transitional Words and Phrases

To Illustrate or Give an Example Coordinating Conjunctions Coorrelative Conjunctions Transitional Words and Phrases for example for instance such as to illustrate specifically in particular eg 1471/jc/dec 2008

To Show Contrast Coordinating Conjunctions but Coorrelative Conjunctions Transitional Words and Phrases however in

To Show Contrast Coordinating Conjunctions but Coorrelative Conjunctions Transitional Words and Phrases however in contrast conversely on the contrary on the other hand otherwise still instead eg 1471/jc/dec 2008

To Show Concession Coordinating Conjunctions yet Coorrelative Conjunctions Transitional Words and Phrases nevertheless even

To Show Concession Coordinating Conjunctions yet Coorrelative Conjunctions Transitional Words and Phrases nevertheless even so admittedly eg 1471/jc/dec 2008

To Show a Similarity Coordinating Conjunctions Coorrelative Conjunctions Transitional Words and Phrases likewise similarly

To Show a Similarity Coordinating Conjunctions Coorrelative Conjunctions Transitional Words and Phrases likewise similarly in the same way eg 1471/jc/dec 2008

To Show a Result Coordinating Conjunctions so Coorrelative Conjunctions Transitional Words and Phrases accordingly

To Show a Result Coordinating Conjunctions so Coorrelative Conjunctions Transitional Words and Phrases accordingly as a consequence as a result Consequently hence therefore thus eg 1471/jc/dec 2008

To Provide a Reason or Cause Coordinating Conjunctions for eg 1471/jc/dec 2008 Coorrelative Conjunctions

To Provide a Reason or Cause Coordinating Conjunctions for eg 1471/jc/dec 2008 Coorrelative Conjunctions Transitional Words and Phrases

To Establish a Time Relationship or Order Coordinating Conjunctions eg 1471/jc/dec 2008 Coorrelative Conjunctions

To Establish a Time Relationship or Order Coordinating Conjunctions eg 1471/jc/dec 2008 Coorrelative Conjunctions Transitional Words and Phrases first second afterward finally in conclusion meanwhile previously next subsequently

To Show a Condition Coordinating Conjunctions Coorrelative Conjunctions or whether…or eg 1471/jc/dec 2008 Transitional

To Show a Condition Coordinating Conjunctions Coorrelative Conjunctions or whether…or eg 1471/jc/dec 2008 Transitional Words and Phrases

To Explain or Emphasize Coordinating Conjunctions Coorrelative Conjunctions Transitional Words and Phrases in fact

To Explain or Emphasize Coordinating Conjunctions Coorrelative Conjunctions Transitional Words and Phrases in fact namely that is actually in other words eg 1471/jc/dec 2008

To Give a Choice or Alternative Coordinating Conjunctions Coorrelative Conjunctions or either…or Transitional Words

To Give a Choice or Alternative Coordinating Conjunctions Coorrelative Conjunctions or either…or Transitional Words and Phrases alternatively eg 1471/jc/dec 2008

Rules for Punctuating Connectors n Coordinating Conjunctions –a comma before the conjunction is not

Rules for Punctuating Connectors n Coordinating Conjunctions –a comma before the conjunction is not needed if the two independent clauses are very short. Having LASIK is an important decision and the patient should consider all factors carefully. The comma is optional in this case. eg 1471/jc/dec 2008

Rules for Punctuating Connectors n Coorrelative Conjunctions –a comma is needed before the 2

Rules for Punctuating Connectors n Coorrelative Conjunctions –a comma is needed before the 2 nd correlative conjunction only for joining 2 clauses, not words or phrases. Not only does LASIK treat common ophthalmic conditions like nearsightedness, it also treats farsightedness and astigmatism. LASIK not only treats common ophthalmic conditions like nearsightedness but also farsightedness and astigmatism. eg 1471/jc/dec 2008

Rules for Punctuating Connectors n Transitional words/phrases – put a semicolon before and a

Rules for Punctuating Connectors n Transitional words/phrases – put a semicolon before and a comma after the transitional signal when joining 2 independent clauses. Technological breakthroughs have been rapid in recent decades; however, the public need to be educated on their use. eg 1471/jc/dec 2008

Rules for Punctuating Connectors n Transitional words/phrases – put a comma after the transitional

Rules for Punctuating Connectors n Transitional words/phrases – put a comma after the transitional signal when introducing an independent clause. Technological breakthroughs have been rapid in recent decades. However, the public need to be educated on their use. eg 1471/jc/dec 2008

Rules for Punctuating Connectors n Transitional words/phrases – put commas before and after the

Rules for Punctuating Connectors n Transitional words/phrases – put commas before and after the transitional signal within a clause. Stem cell research is promising, however, the ethical issues must not be ignored. eg 1471/jc/dec 2008

Subordinators n n Appear before the dependent clause Have a comma at the end

Subordinators n n Appear before the dependent clause Have a comma at the end of it before the independent clause Although academic studies are challenging, most students will persist in their efforts. Please refer to Oshima and Hogue (2006) for more details and examples. See pp. 292 -299 eg 1471/jc/dec 2008

Subordinating Words for Adverb Clauses n A subordinating conjunction is the first word in

Subordinating Words for Adverb Clauses n A subordinating conjunction is the first word in a dependent clause. Subordinators for Adverb Clauses of Time after before whenever as, just as since while as long as until as soon as when eg 1471/jc/dec 2008

Subordinating Words for Adverb Clauses Subordinators for Adverb Clauses of Place wherever anywhere everywhere

Subordinating Words for Adverb Clauses Subordinators for Adverb Clauses of Place wherever anywhere everywhere eg 1471/jc/dec 2008

Subordinating Words for Adverb Clauses Subordinators for Adverb Clauses of Manner as, just as

Subordinating Words for Adverb Clauses Subordinators for Adverb Clauses of Manner as, just as as if as though eg 1471/jc/dec 2008

Subordinating Words for Adverb Clauses Subordinators for Adverb Clauses of Distance as far as

Subordinating Words for Adverb Clauses Subordinators for Adverb Clauses of Distance as far as as close as Subordinators for Adverb Clauses of Frequency as often as eg 1471/jc/dec 2008

Subordinating Words for Adverb Clauses Subordinators for Adverb Clauses of Reason as because since

Subordinating Words for Adverb Clauses Subordinators for Adverb Clauses of Reason as because since Subordinators for Adverb Clauses of Purpose so that in order that eg 1471/jc/dec 2008

Subordinating Words for Adverb Clauses Subordinators for Adverb Clauses of Result so…that such…that so

Subordinating Words for Adverb Clauses Subordinators for Adverb Clauses of Result so…that such…that so few/many/little/much…that Subordinators for Adverb Clauses of Condition if unless eg 1471/jc/dec 2008

Subordinating Words for Adverb Clauses Subordinators for Adverb Clauses of Partial Contrast although even

Subordinating Words for Adverb Clauses Subordinators for Adverb Clauses of Partial Contrast although even though Subordinators for Adverb Clauses of Contrast while whereas eg 1471/jc/dec 2008

Subordinating Words for Adjective Clauses To refer to people who, whom whose, that To

Subordinating Words for Adjective Clauses To refer to people who, whom whose, that To refer to animals and things which, that whereas To refer to a time or place When, where eg 1471/jc/dec 2008

Subordinating Words for Noun Clauses Used in That clauses Do you believe that there

Subordinating Words for Noun Clauses Used in That clauses Do you believe that there is life in outer space? Used in If/Whether clauses which, that whereas Used in wh- and how clauses When, where eg 1471/jc/dec 2008

Sources Lane, A. and Lange, E. (1999). Writing Clearly: An Editing Guide (2 nd

Sources Lane, A. and Lange, E. (1999). Writing Clearly: An Editing Guide (2 nd ed. ). Boston: Heinle and Heinle Publishers, 165 -178. Oshima, A. and Hogue, A. (2006). Writing Academic English (4 th ed. ). New York: Pearson Education, 292 -299. Raimes, A. (2006). Grammar Troublespots: A Guide for Student Writers (3 rd ed. ). New York: Cambridge University Press, 9 -17. eg 1471/jc/dec 2008

Sentence Types Sentence Structure Simple Sentences Simple sentencesSentence Types Sentence Structure Simple Sentences Simple sentences
Sentence Types Sentence Structure Simple Sentences Simple sentencesSentence Types Sentence Structure Simple Sentences Simple sentences
Sentence Types Sentence Structure Simple Sentences Simple sentencesSentence Types Sentence Structure Simple Sentences Simple sentences
Sentence Types Sentence Structure Simple Sentences Simple sentencesSentence Types Sentence Structure Simple Sentences Simple sentences
Sentence Types Sentence Structure Simple Sentences Simple sentencesSentence Types Sentence Structure Simple Sentences Simple sentences
Sentence Types Sentence Structure Simple Sentences Simple sentencesSentence Types Sentence Structure Simple Sentences Simple sentences
CONNECTORS WHAT ARE CONNECTORS Connectors are CONJUNCTIONS usedCONNECTORS WHAT ARE CONNECTORS Connectors are CONJUNCTIONS used
SENTENCE TYPES SIMPLE SENTENCES COMPOUND SENTENCES COMPLEX SENTENCESSENTENCE TYPES SIMPLE SENTENCES COMPOUND SENTENCES COMPLEX SENTENCES
SIMPLE SENTENCES Compound Subject SIMPLE SENTENCES Simple sentencesSIMPLE SENTENCES Compound Subject SIMPLE SENTENCES Simple sentences
simple sentence compound sentence complex sentence simple sentencesimple sentence compound sentence complex sentence simple sentence
simple sentence compound sentence complex sentence simple sentencesimple sentence compound sentence complex sentence simple sentence
simple sentence compound sentence complex sentence simple sentencesimple sentence compound sentence complex sentence simple sentence
Simple Sentences Compound Sentences Complex Sentences CompoundComplex SentencesSimple Sentences Compound Sentences Complex Sentences CompoundComplex Sentences
Simple Sentences Compound Sentences Complex Sentences CompoundComplex SentencesSimple Sentences Compound Sentences Complex Sentences CompoundComplex Sentences
Simple Sentences Compound Sentences Complex Sentences CompoundComplex SentencesSimple Sentences Compound Sentences Complex Sentences CompoundComplex Sentences
Sentence Structure Sentence Types Sentence Structure Sentence TypesSentence Structure Sentence Types Sentence Structure Sentence Types
Sentence Structure Sentence Types Sentence Structure Sentence TypesSentence Structure Sentence Types Sentence Structure Sentence Types
Sentence Structure Sentence Types Sentence Structure Sentence TypesSentence Structure Sentence Types Sentence Structure Sentence Types
Sentence Types I Simple Sentence I Simple SentenceSentence Types I Simple Sentence I Simple Sentence
Sentence Types Simple Sentence A simple sentence alsoSentence Types Simple Sentence A simple sentence also
Sentence Types Simple Sentence A simple sentence hasSentence Types Simple Sentence A simple sentence has
Sentence Forms Simple Sentences Compound Sentences Complex SentencesSentence Forms Simple Sentences Compound Sentences Complex Sentences
Sentence Structure Sentence Types Sentence Types Simple CompoundSentence Structure Sentence Types Sentence Types Simple Compound
Sentence Structure Sentence Types Sentence Types Simple CompoundSentence Structure Sentence Types Sentence Types Simple Compound