Transistors Camille Cruz Chase Thompson Tyler Nelson September

Transistors Camille Cruz Chase Thompson Tyler Nelson September 26, 2013

Outline • • • Introduction Transistors Types Bipolar Junction Transistors Field Effect Transistors Power Transistors Example

What is a Transistor?

Transistors BJT (PNP) Electrical Diagram Different types and sizes FET and BJT Transistor Modern Electronics First Transistor

• Purpose ▫ To amplify and switch electronic signals on or off (high or low) • Modern Electronics Microprocessor Motor Controllers Cell Phones

Vacuum tubes • Purpose ▫ Used as signal amplifiers and switches ▫ Advantages �High power and frequency operation �Operation at higher voltages �Less vulnerable to electromagnetic pulses ▫ Disadvantages �Very large and fragile �Energy inefficient �Expensive

Invention • Evolution of electronics ▫ In need of a device that was small, robust, reliable, energy efficient and cheap to manufacture • 1947 ▫ John Bardeen, Walter Brattain and William Schockly invented transistor • Transistor Effect ▫ “when electrical contacts were applied to a crystal of germanium, the output power was larger than the input. ”

General Applications

Doping • Process of introducing impure elements (dopants) into semiconductor wafers to form regions of differing electrical conductivity Negatively charged Semiconductor Positively charged semiconductor

Doping Effects • P-type semiconductors ▫ Created positive charges, where electrons have been removed, in lattice structure • N-type semiconductors ▫ Added unbound electrons create negative charge in lattice structure • Resulting material ▫ P-N junction

P-N junction Forward Biasing Reverse Biasing

• P-N junction ▫ Controls current flow via external voltage • Two P-N junctions (bipolar junction transistor, BJT) ▫ Controls current flow and amplifies the current flow

Transistor Categories • • Semiconductor material Structure Polarity Maximum power rating Maximum operating frequency Application Physical packaging Amplification factor

Types of Transistors • Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) • Field Effect Transistors (FET) • Power Transistors

BJT Introduction • Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJT) consists of three “sandwiched” semiconductor layers • The three layers are connected to collector (C), emitter (E), and base (B) pins • Current supplied to the base controls the amount of current that flows through the collector and emitter

BJT Schematic • NPN ▫ BE forward bias ▫ BC reverse bias • PNP ▫ BE reverse bias ▫ BC forward bias PNP

BJT Characteristic Curves Transfer Characteristic • Characteristic curves can be drawn to show other useful parameters of the transistor • The slope of ICE / IBE is called the Transfer Characteristic (β)

BJT Characteristic Curves Input Characteristic • The Input Characteristic is the base emitter current IBE against base emitter voltage VBE • IBE/VBE shows the input Conductance of the transistor. • The increase in slope of when the VBE is above 1 volt shows that the input conductance is rising • There is a large increase in current for a very small increase in VBE.

BJT Characteristic Curves Output Characteristic • collector current (IC) is nearly independent of the collector-emitter voltage (VCE), and instead depends on the base current (IB) IB 4 IB 3 IB 2 IB 1

BJT Operating Regions Operating Region Parameters Mode Cut Off VBE < Vcut-in VCE > Vsupply IB = IC = 0 Linear VBE = Vcut-in Vsat < VCE < Vsupply IC = β*IB Amplification Saturated VBE = Vcut-in, VCE < Vsat IB > IC, max, IC, max >0 Switch ON Switch OFF

BJT Applications BJT Switch • Offer lower cost and substantial reliability over conventional mechanical relays. • Transistor operates purely in a saturated or cutoff state (on/off) • This can prove very useful for digital applications (small current controls a larger current)

BJT Applications BJT Amplifier

BJT Applications BJT Amplifier

Field Effect Transistors (FET) Chase Thompson

FET Basics • Electric Field • Voltage Controlled • FET includes three distinct pieces ▫ Drain ▫ Source ▫ Gate

FET versus BJT? Same: • Applications: amplifier, switch, etc. • Relies on PNP or NPN junctions to allow current flow Difference: • Voltage vs Current Input • Unipolar vs Bipolar • Noise • Higher input impedance • Fragile and low gain bandwidth

Types of Field-Effect Transistors Type Function Junction Field-Effect Transistor (JFET) Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor FET (MOSFET) Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) Similar to MOSFET, but different main channel Organic Field-Effect Transistor (OFET) Uses organic semiconductor in its channel Nanoparticle Organic Memory FET (NOMFET) Uses reversed biased p-n junction to separate gate from body Uses insulator (usu. Si. O 2) between gate and body Combines the organic transistor and gold nanoparticles

JFET • Reverse Biased PNjunction • Depletion mode devices ▫ Creates a potential gradient to restrict current flow. (Increases overall resistance) http: //www-g. eng. cam. ac. uk/mmg/teaching/linearcircuits/jfet. html

JFET • N-channel JFET • P-channel JFET uses same principles but ▫ Channel current is positive due to holes instead of electron donors ▫ Polarity of biasing voltage must be reversed

N-Type Characteristics

Characteristics and Applications of FETs JFETs • • • Simplest type of FET – easy to make High input impedance and resistance Low Capacitance Slower speed in switching Uses? – Displacement sensor – High input impedance amplifier – Low-noise amplifier – Analog switch – Voltage controlled resistor

MOSFET p-channel • Similar to JFET ▫ A single channel of single doped SC material with terminals at end ▫ Gate surrounds channel with doping that is opposite of the channel, making the PNP or NPN type ▫ BUT, the MOSFET uses an insulator to separate gate from body, while JFET uses a reverse-bias p-n junction n-channel MOSFET enhanced mode MOSFET depleted mode

How does a MOSFET work? No Voltage to Gate Source Voltage to Gate Drain Source Drain n n Simplified Notation No current flow “Short” allows current flow

MOSFET Triode Mode/Linear Region VGS > Vth and VDS < ( VGS - Vth ) VGS : Voltage at the gate Vth : Threshold voltage VDS : Voltage from drain to source μn: charge-carrier effective mobility W: gate width L: gate length Cox : gate oxide capacitance per unit area λ : channel-length modulation parameter Saturation/Active Mode VGS > Vth and VDS > ( VGS - Vth )

Characteristics and Applications of FETs MOSFETs • • Oxide layer prevents DC current from flowing through gate • Reduces power consumption • High input impedance Rapid switching More noise than JFET Uses? • Again, switches and amplifiers in general • The MOSFET is used in digital CMOS logic, which uses p- and nchannel MOSFETs as building blocks • To aid in negating effects that cause discharge of batteries Use of MOSFET in battery protection circuit

Power Transistors v Concerned with delivering high power v Used in high voltage and high current application In general Fabrication process different in order to: v Dissipate more heat v Avoid breakdown Different types: Power BJTs, power MOSFETS, etc.

Comparison Property BJT MOSFET JFET Gm Best Worst Medium Speed High Medium Low Noise Moderate Worst Best Good No Switch High-Z Gate No Yes Yes ESD Sensitivity More Less

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