Transgenic Discourse Interest Structure and Gene Competition Zhou

转基因话语、利益结构与基因竞赛 Transgenic Discourse, Interest Structure and Gene Competition 周立 Zhou Li 中国人民大学农业与农村发展学院 School of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, RUC Email: zhouli@ruc. edu. cn http: //sard. ruc. edu. cn/ 1

主要内容 Contents 1. 转基因话语 Transgenic Discourse 2. 转基因利益结构 The Transgenic Interest Structure 3. 应对转基因大潮的建议 suggestions Dealing with GMO 4. 结论 Conclusions 2

南辕北辙 Going south by driving the chariot north(Nanyuan Beizhe) n 这就是了解历史的关键。人们消耗了巨大的精力， 建立了种种文明，规划了优秀的制度；但在每个 时代都会出现差错。某种致命的错误总是将自私 而残忍之人推向巅峰，随后一切均跌入悲惨和毁 灭。 n That is the key to history. Terrific energy is expendedcivilizations are built up-excellent institutions devised; but each time something goes wrong. Some fatal flaw always brings the selfish and cruel people to the top and it all slides back into misery and ruin. ——C. S. Lewis 4

1. 转基因话语 I. Transgenic Discourse n 种子领域变革的系统性风险：倾巢之下焉有完卵？ n Systematic Risk of the gene revolution：The nest hesitation eggs will survive? Either the left or right; liberals or conservatives; nationalist or cosmopolitan need to eat and breath, which is an iron law. n 政治化的转基因讨论导致基因竞赛甚至战争 n the politicization discussion of the transgenic technology, we will be dragged into this secret and round loser war. If not making any effort to stop the contest, it will be more serious and the gene war will really arrival. 5

1. 1 缺乏主体性的话语争论 Subjects are absent in the debate n 转基因话语的两大主体：生态环境和广大人民 n Disputes on the ecological safety, food safety and human health n 但生态环境和广大人民无法自我表述 n But the ecological environment and the majority of people, the core of this continuing debate, have no chances to say 6

1. 2 转基因话语中的五大谎言 Lies behind GMOs n 转基因宣称解决五大问题：粮食安全、食品安 全、降低风险、降低成本、减少贫困 n food insecurity, food safety, risk-reducing, cost-reducing and poverty-alleviation. However, these are all not the technical problems。 n 这只不过是利用了“技术中性”的概念 n it’s an abuse of technology by making use of people’s expectation of technology neutrality. n 但技术从来都是非中性的，如同刀子正反用途 n Technology is never neutrality. Like knife 7

1. 3 食物不简单，食物问题讨论也不应简单化 Food problem is never simple n 基因战争、阴谋论等政治化讨论，会促发一场 “基因战争”和“基因竞赛” n political discussion plunges Nations into a “gene of war” and “gene Contest” n 如同“核战争”和“核竞赛”积累快速屠杀人类的 能力一样 n As in the 1950 s, "nuclear war" and "nuclear arms race". 8

农业食物体系的双轨制 The two systems A：Food for Money 单一经济功能/农作单一性/大农场模式＋产业化/短期流动性获利/资本逻辑 Single economic function/monoculture /large farm + industrialization /short-term fluidity returns / logic of capital B：Food for Life 农业多功能/农作多样性/小农场模式＋本地化/地方性知识与自适应系统/生命逻辑 Multi-function /biodiversity & farming-diversity /small farm + localization /local knowledge and self-adapting system / logic of life

Food for Money？

2. 转基因利益结构：一箭七雕 II. The Transgenic Interest Structure: Killing Seven Birds with One Stone n 转基因利益链条，形成了一个追逐短期利益的 共同体 n The benefits chain of transgenic technology, all kinds of interest groups collude with each other and form a short-term interest community n 公众健康和子孙后代等长期利益受到威胁 n Which causes the long-term interests, including the interests of the public and the future generations, to face huge challenges. 12

2. 1 跨国粮商得利润 2. 1 The International Grain Dealers Gain Profits n 危及国家食物主权 n Threatening factors of the food sovereignty n 《食物的未来》：控制了食品供应 n The documentary “the future of food” has the following statements, “While biotech companies take over on an intellectual level and genetic engineering takes over on a cellular level, multinational corporations are taking over worldwide by consolidating our food supply. ” 13

2. 2 外国政府得战略 2. 2 The Hegemony Governments Wins the Strategy n 食物历来是一个战略品 n The grain is a kind of strategic commodity and it has always played an important role in campaigns n 粮食武器的五种应用方式 n At least five strategic means to make the food become a weapon：national strategy of food aid, food trade liberalization, food subsidies；bioenergy, bio-energy 14

2. 3 地方政府得政绩 2. 3 Local Governments Achieves Performance n 转基因育种危及的是国家层面的安全 n Biological breeding field involves the national food security, food safety, food sovereignty, and the country's long-term strategy, but this is beyond the interests of local governments. n 地方政府更愿意引入转基因高科技公司 n The main driving force for the local government officials is to make achievements in a short term. n Attracts investment without considering the national security. 15

2. 4 中资公司得好处 2. 4 Chinese-Funded Companies Get Benefits n 缺乏跨国粮商“全球化经营、全环节利润和全 市场覆盖”的竞争优势 n Lack of international companies’ advantages n 容易伸出友谊之手，内外资结盟 n “hand of friendship”： the Chinese-funded company's management layer and employees will actively seek the joint venture opportunities, cooperation, and even choose to become a merger. 16

2. 5 科研院所得经费 2. 5 Research Centers Obtain Fund n 巨额转基因研发经费使得无技术中性 n Many reports in the U. S. show that the neutrality simply does not exist in the science, technology and value of the transgenic research. n 300多家科研院所争夺 200多亿重大专项资金 n Since July 2008, there have more than 300 universities and research institutes split over 200 billion transgenic Research Fund allocated by the Chinese government 17

2. 6 国家部门得租金 2. 6 National Sectors Have Rent n 制度租金导致设租、寻租 n Rent-making and rent-seeking：in the process of exerting power, there are only a few officials are in charge of this great power n 院外活动集团俘获具体经办人员 n Actions of lobby group：public interest, national security and long-term strategy to be betrayed gradually and easily due to the lack of appropriate expression of interests. 18

2. 7 种粮农民得闲暇 2. 7 Farmers Enjoy Leisure Time n 转基因作物可能减少农田管理时间 n The specific drug-resistance and insect-resistance of the transgenic crop can reduce the investment of field management, pesticides and fertilizers in a short term. n 农民获得更多闲暇务 经商，取得更高收入 n Farmers will take the initiative to use the genetically modified seeds under the influence of the seed marketing strategy and short-term interests 19

一箭七雕 Killing Seven Birds with One Stone n 7个利益集团中： 2个外地，5个内敌 n Seven interest groups, only two are external enemies and the other five are internal enemies for a nation. n 转基因大潮恶势难挡 n The short-term interests occupied the leading position under the circumstances of local government and farmers have no long-term expected interest. 20

3. 应对转基因大潮的三点建议 III. Three suggestions Dealing with GMO 21

3. 1 旗帜鲜明地反对研发推广 3. 1 Strongly Against GM Breeding and Industrial Extension n 每一项技术革命，都会带来技术安全问题。如 核技术与核安全，网络技术与网络安全 n Revolution in technology will bring security issues： any new progress in technology and science discovery, especially the most advanced ones, will be first applied in the military field：stones and sticks, and then iron, fire and machine; at last, computer, internet, space technology, bacterium and unclear technology. 22

n 转基因技术完全不是为了解决它宣称的粮食安 全、食品安全和食物主权问题 n Neither can solve the quantity issue (food security), nor can solve the quality issue (food safety) and threatened the right issue (food sovereignty). Consider the food security, which transgenic technology is put into large and free use in food deficit countries? n 食物只是为了金钱？让食物生产服从资本逻辑， 导致市场脱嵌于社会 n Food for Money? The act of subjecting survival and life to business and politics will lead humans fall into the crisis of survival. 23

3. 2 即使研发，也要采用国家集中体制 3. 2 GMO R&D under National-Centralization System n 即使不能阻止，也要学习核技术、太空技术的 管理体制 n Taking a step back, we must use the nationalcentralization system which we did in the technology study of the nuclear and spaceship. n 人类共有资源不应被任何人注册为专利 n Blind use of the domestic and international transgenic breeding is forbidden. Applying transgenic technology for national patent is strictly prohibit, because it’s human shared resources granted by Lord. 24

1）美国转基因研发的国家集中体制 U. S. adopts the national-centralization nsystem In May 1997, America founded the Plant Gene Inter- department Working Group (IWG) , directly leaded by the president. q The Office of Science and Technology Policy affiliated with the National Science and Technology Council (NSTC) is responsible for the National Plant Genome Initiative (NPGI) plan. q This plan involves almost every department, such as the National Science Foundation (NSF), the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), the Department of Energy (DOE), the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Agency for International Development (AID), the United States Forest Service (USFS), the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), the Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP). n Because of the national-centralization system, U. S. achieved many fundamental and significant research achievements. 25

2）中国集中力量干大事的国家集中体制 The national-centralization system in China n航天技术、核技术和三峡 程、奥运、 大型灾难的应对方面 n China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (CASC) n the China National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC) n the China Three Gorges Corporation (CTGC) 26

3）基因专利是绑架上帝，向人类要赎金 kidnapped God and require ransom n 人类共有资源非任何人创制，也不应独享 n Meanwhile, we should prohibit any commercial action or purpose of applying transgenic technology for national patent, because it’s human shared resources granted by God, no one should declare patent but God. The resources in the nature, just like the sunshine, the air and the plants, all are human shared resources granted by God. They are no creation, and any labor and effort in it. n All the necessities for survival we enjoyed for free are not created by anyone, so that they belong to nobody. 27

4）基因专利是种子领域的殖民掠夺 Colonial predations of seed patents n 分子标记-“此山是我开……” n The transgenic research company and its staff cut one part of gene in the gene strand, re-joint it, mark it and apply it for patent protection. It is a way of kidnap; they kidnapped God and require ransom from all food consumers. It’s irony that this action is blatant banditry while it is protected by the patent law. n it seems like that we allow colonial predations in seed field. On the surface, the object of the plundering is agricultural producers and food consumers. n However, towards deep point, the object is the future generations and the future of human beings. n The deeper meaning is that the overconfident human declared war on the nature, on the Lord. 28

5）让基因竞赛仅仅作为大国游戏 A game among Giants n 如同太空竞赛、核竞赛一样，需要可控性 n even if we decide to begin the genetic breeding technology research and development, we will use it only for the purpose of the national strategy. It’s a game among Giants, most developing countries needn’t to join the Gene competition and war. n Just like China has the nuclear deterrent, we must first ensure the controllability of transgenic technology. 29

3. 3 重点发展常规育种，强化农田水利建设 3. 3 Prioritizing Conventional Breeding and Water Conservancy Construction n 经济规律和政治规律，永远需要首先服从自然 规律，这就如同人要呼吸就永远不能脱离大 气层一样 n The laws of economy and politics are forever subjected to the laws of nature. It’s just like that human beings can’t breathe without the air. n 天然农业发挥多种功能，但一直缺乏投资 n Natural agriculture play a variety of functions, but its yield far is below its potential for lack of investment. 30

中国区域间的不平衡 Imbalance within China on food production: History and Present n “东北熟，天下足”的新谚，早已取代了“湖广熟”、“ 江南熟”的古谚。 n "If the Northeast enjoys harvest, the food for the whole nation is enough”. This newly-created proverb shows that the Northeast part has already replaced the place of Huguang Region(Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong) and Jiangnan Region (Yangtze Delta). n 但东北大部分地区还没有基本的水利灌溉条件。农 业的命脉，是水利，而非转基因 n However, in most parts of the Northeast, the irrigation and water conservancy infrastructures haven’t been established yet. Water conservancy is the lifeline of agriculture. . 31

中国区域间的不平衡 Imbalance within China on food production: History and Present n “东北熟，天下足”的新谚，早已取代了“湖广熟”、“ 江南熟”的古谚。 n "If the Northeast enjoys harvest, the food for the whole nation is enough”. This newly-created proverb shows that the Northeast part has already replaced the place of Huguang Region(Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong) and Jiangnan Region (Yangtze Delta). n 但东北大部分地区还没有基本的水利灌溉条件。农 业的命脉，是水利，而非转基因 n However, in most parts of the Northeast, the irrigation and water conservancy infrastructures haven’t been established yet. Water conservancy is the lifeline of agriculture. . 32

4. 结论 Conclusions （1）停止自杀性食物体系的建设 - Stop the construction of “suicide” food system n 作为理性的国家，作为理性的消费者，作为理 性的社会公众，有众多安全可行的措施可供选 择。 n No matter for a rational country, or a rational consumer, or a rational citizen, we have more alternative choices 33

（2）停止转基因竞赛与战争 - Stop the gene contest and gene war n 转基因育种产业化：“为富国继续制造财富，为跨国 公司制造资源”的自杀式竞争 n GMO is "for creating wealth for the rich and manufacturing resources for the multinational companies". n 基因竞赛和战争：“为穷国继续制造贫穷，为穷人继 续制造饥饿的机器” n Nor should we start the machine "for poor countries to continually create poverty and for the poor to starve”. Moreover, we should not politicize the discussion about GMO, or by the name of the gene war, provoke or participate in such gene contest. 34

（3）寻找另类可能 - to Find Alternatives n 可能的出路？ Possible ways？ q市场再次嵌入社会？ Market embedded again? q替代性市场？（如CSA，农夫市集，巢状市场） Alternative market? q …… q寻找，就寻见！ Seek and you will find！ 35

Questions and Discussions Email: zhouli@ruc. edu. cn http: //sard. ruc. edu. cn/