Transformations Around the Globe 1800 1914 Ch 28

Transformations Around the Globe 1800 -1914 Ch 28

China Resists Outside Influence Sec 1

Chinese Resistance to the West • Out of cultural pride, the Chinese looked down on all foreigners • In 1793, the Qing emperor agreed to receive an ambassador from England • The Englishman brought all kinds of gifts like clocks, musical instruments and even a hot-air balloon but the emperor was not interested • The Chinese had everything they needed

Chinese Self-sufficiency • China was able to reject the west because they were largely self-sufficient • China’s agricultural economy was healthy enough to feed their large population – Quick growing strains of rice grew throughout the southern part of the country – Maize, sweet potatoes, and peanuts introduced by the Spanish and Portuguese increased productivity of the land

Other Resources • Other resources included an extensive mining and manufacturing industry • Salt, tin, silver and iron mines produced great quantities of ore • The Chinese also produced beautiful silks, cotton, and fine porcelain

Opium • Because of their self-sufficiency, the Chinese had little interest in trading with the West • European merchants who had been looking for a product to sell the Chinese began selling opium, a highly addictive drug made from the poppy plant

Where is most of the opium in the world grown today?

Opium • Chinese doctors had been using opium to relieve pain for hundreds of years • In the late 1700 s English merchants began smuggling the drug in for nonmedical use • By 1835, there were as many as 12 million Chinese people addicted to opium

The Opium War • The Qing emperor pleaded with Queen Victoria to stop the opium trade but Britain refused • The Opium War- conflict between Britain and China lasting from 1839 -1842 over Britain’s opium trade in China

Effects of Opium War • • Humiliating defeat for the Chinese Treaty if Nanjing Britain gained the island of Hong Kong Extraterritorial Rights- foreigners were not subject to Chinese law at 5 Chinese ports

Internal Problems • Population- by 1850, China had 430 million people • Food production- not keeping up with population growth • Opium addiction grew as problems increased • People began to challenge the Qing Dynasty

The Taiping Rebellion • Taiping Rebellion- mid 19 th century rebellion against the Qing Dynasty • The rebellion was led by Hong Xiuquan • Hong raised an army of nearly 1 million and took control of large parts of southeastern China before the rebellion failed • 20 -40 million people were killed

Sphere of Influence • As China weakened many foreign nations took advantage and attacked • After each conflict treaties gave more economic control to each nation • Sphere of Influence- area in which a foreign nation controls trade and investment

Map

Open Door Policy • The US was afraid that other countries would soon divide China into formal colonies and they would be left out • Open Door Policy- policy proposed by the US in 1899 under which all nations would have an equal chance to trade

Rise of Chinese Nationalism • Humiliated by their losses, many Chinese pressed for strong reforms • Qing officials saw this as a threat to their power and reversed any reforms

Boxer Rebellion • Boxer Rebellion- a 1900 revolt in China, nationalist movement aimed at ending foreign influence in the country • Poor peasants and workers resented the special privileges given to foreigners • Secret group called the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists or Boxers

Boxer Rebellion • In the Spring of 1900 the Boxers descended on Beijing shouting “Death to foreign devils” • The surrounded the European section of the city for several months but were eventually defeated by an multinational force

Effects of the Boxer Rebellion • The rebellion failed but a strong sense of nationalism grew amongst the people in China • The government finally realized they needed to reform

Modernization in Japan Sec 2

What was the Japanese feudal system?

Background • In the early 17 th century Japan shut itself off completely from other nations • Under the rule of the Tokugawa shoguns, society was very tightly ordered • Shogun parceled out land to daimyos • Peasants worked for and lived under the protection of the daimyo and his samurais

Demand for Foreign Trade • Like China, Japan repeatedly refused to trade with the West • In 1853, Commodore Matthew Perry took 4 ships into Tokyo Harbor • Perry brought a letter from President Fillmore, politely asking for trade with Japan • Perry said he would be back in a year with a larger fleet for the reply

Perry’s Ships

Treaty of Kanagawa • Treaty of Kanagawa- opened two Japanese ports to the US in 1854 • Important because it opened the door for other countries as well

Meiji Restoration • Meiji Restoration- period of modernization and industrialization in Japan • The Meiji Emperor realized that the best way to counter western influence was to modernize • The Japanese then chose what they thought to be the best that Western civilization had to offer and adapted it to their own country

Germany • From Germany, the Japanese took their strong centralized government and strong army • Used the German constitution as a model for their own

Britain • From Britain the Japanese imitated the skill of their navy

United States • From the United States the Japanese imitated the public education system • Teachings included foreign experts • Students also went abroad to study

Industrialization • Japanese economy quickly became as modern as any in the West • Built thousands of miles of railroads • Coal production • Large state supported companies built thousands of factories

What is the geography of Japan like?

Imperial Japan • As Japan grew more powerful, their feeling of strength and equality with Western nations grew • As they grew stronger they became more imperialistic

Sino-Japanese War • In 1876, Japan forced Korea to open 3 ports for trade • In 1894, China sent troops to Korea to stop a rebellion • Japan saw this as a threat and attacked China

Effects of the Sino-Japanese War • The Sino-Japanese War gave Japan a foothold in Manchuria and its first colonies • Japan emerge as a major power in East Asia

Why do you think modern China is an ally with North Korea?

Russo-Japanese War • 2 majors powers in East Asia were Russia and Japan • They both competed over resources in Manchuria • When the Russians refused to stay out of Korea the Japanese launched a surprise attack on the Russian fleet

Port Arthur

Effects of the Russo-Japanese War • • • Russian fleet was destroyed Japan gained more territory Humiliating defeat for Russian Revolution Occupation of Korea

Occupation of Korea • Japan grabbed more and more power in Korea until they finally annexed it in 1907 • Brutal rulers • Shut down Korean newspapers and schools • Replaced Korean studies with Japanese history • Took land from Koreans to give to Japanese settlers • Forbid Koreans to go into business

Why was the Russo-Japanese war so surprising to the rest of the world?

What are the long term effects of the Meiji Restoration?

US Economic Imperialism Sec 3

Warm Up: How did the Meiji Restoration lead to Japanese imperialism?

Latin America after Independence • • New nations were in shambles Cities were destroyed Farms had been neglected Political independence meant little for most Latin Americans

Colonial Legacy • Rich got richer, poor got poorer • Rich landowners controlled all the land • Many army leaders that led the independence movement continued to assert their power • Caudillos- military dictators

Caudillos • Faced little opposition • No experience with democracy

Economy • Latin American economies grew as technology developed – Refrigeration • Foreign nations benefited far more from trade than Latin America did • Remained largely unindustrialized

Outside Investment • Latin American nations did not use their export money to build roads, hospitals, or schools • Often borrowed money with high interest rates to fund their export facilities • When they couldn’t pay foreign companies took over the industries

Monroe Doctrine • Monroe Doctrine- document issued by James Monroe stating that Latin America is not to be considered as subjects for colonization • Warning for Europe to stay out of the Americas

Spanish-American War • Spanish American War- 1898 war in which the United States gained the Philippines, Puerto Rico, Guam, and Cuba from Spain

Panama Canal • Panama was a province of Colombia • When Colombia refused to sell the canal zone, the US supported a revolution in Panama • The Panamanians won their independence and gave a 10 mile wide strip of the country to the US in gratitude

Panama Canal • Panama Canalallows sea transport between the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean, opened in 1914

Importance of the Canal • Latin America became a crossroads of the world • United States controlled the tollgate

Roosevelt Corollary • Roosevelt Corollary- gave the United States the right to be an international police power

Turmoil and Change in Mexico

Santa Anna • During the 1800 s, Mexican politics was dominated by Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

Texas • In the 1820 s, Mexico encourage Americans to move into Texas • In 1835, Stephen Austin encouraged Texans to revolt after Mexico would not grant them greater self-government • Texas gained independence after the Alamo and Sam Houston’s victory at the Battle of San Jacinto

Benito Juarez • After the fall of Santa Anna, social reformer, Benito Juarez came to power • La Reforma- Juarez’s plan to redistribute land increase education for the poor

Porfirio Diaz • After Juarez’s death in 1872, a new caudillo, Porfirio Diaz came to power and essentially ended the reforms

Revolution • In the early 1900 s, Mexicans began to protest Diaz’s harsh rule • Mexico’s revolution began in different parts of Mexico • Leaders like Francisco Madero supported democratic reforms

Pancho Villa • In northern Mexico, Panco Villa used his private army to lead Robin Hood style attacks against the rich giving their money to the poor

Emiliano Zapata • In southern Mexico, Emiliano Zapata, raised a powerful army to return land to peasants and small farmers