Transcription in Eukaryotes Transcription RNA Processing Translation Protein

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Transcription in Eukaryotes Transcription RNA Processing Translation Protein AP Biology

Transcription in Eukaryotes Transcription RNA Processing Translation Protein AP Biology

Transcription in Eukaryotes Initiation complex u transcription factors bind to promoter region upstream of

Transcription in Eukaryotes Initiation complex u transcription factors bind to promoter region upstream of gene suite of proteins which bind to DNA w turn on or off transcription TATA box binding site w recognition site for transcription factors u transcription factors trigger the binding of RNA polymerase to DNA AP Biology

Post-transcriptional processing Primary transcript (pre-m. RNA) u eukaryotic m. RNA needs work after transcription

Post-transcriptional processing Primary transcript (pre-m. RNA) u eukaryotic m. RNA needs work after transcription m. RNA processing (making mature m. RNA) u u m. RNA splicing = edit out introns il a t protect m. RNA from enzymes in cytoplasm oly-A 3' 3' p AA A A add 5 cap A ’s m. RNA p 50 A a 2 c 0 5 5' PPP add poly. A tail 5' G intron = noncoding (inbetween) sequence ~10, 000 bases eukaryotic DNA exon = coding (expressed) sequence primary m. RNA transcript AP Biology mature m. RNA transcript pre-m. RNA ~1, 000 bases spliced m. RNA

Whoa! I think we just broke a biological “rule”! Splicing enzymes Spliceosome u recognize

Whoa! I think we just broke a biological “rule”! Splicing enzymes Spliceosome u recognize splice site sequence exon cut & paste sn. RNPs sn. RNA intron exon 5' 3' spliceosome 5' 3' lariat No, not smurfs! “snurps” AP Biology mature m. RNA 5' exon 5' 3' exon 3' excised intron

Ribozyme 1982 | 1989 RNA as ribozyme some m. RNA can even splice itself

Ribozyme 1982 | 1989 RNA as ribozyme some m. RNA can even splice itself u RNA as enzyme u Sidney Altman AP Biology Yale Thomas Cech U of Colorado

Translation from nucleic acid language to amino acid language AP Biology 2007 -2008

Translation from nucleic acid language to amino acid language AP Biology 2007 -2008

Translation in Eukaryotes AP Biology 2007 -2008

Translation in Eukaryotes AP Biology 2007 -2008

From gene to protein DNA transcription m. RNA leaves nucleus through nuclear pores AP

From gene to protein DNA transcription m. RNA leaves nucleus through nuclear pores AP Biology nucleus translation a a protein a ribosomea cytoplasm a a a proteins synthesized by ribosomes using instructions on m. RNA

How does m. RNA code for proteins? DNA TACGCACATTTACGCGG m. RNA AUGCGUGUAAAUGCGCC 4 ATCG

How does m. RNA code for proteins? DNA TACGCACATTTACGCGG m. RNA AUGCGUGUAAAUGCGCC 4 ATCG 4 AUCG protein ? Met Arg Val Asn Ala Cys Ala 20 AP Biology How can you code for 20 amino acids with only 4 nucleotide bases (A, U, G, C)?

m. RNA codes for proteins in triplets DNA TACGCACATTTACGCGG codon m. RNA AUGCGUGUAAAUGCGCC ?

m. RNA codes for proteins in triplets DNA TACGCACATTTACGCGG codon m. RNA AUGCGUGUAAAUGCGCC ? protein AP Biology Met Arg Val Asn Ala Cys Ala

The code Code for ALL life! strongest support for a common origin for all

The code Code for ALL life! strongest support for a common origin for all life u Code is redundant several codons for each amino acid 3 rd base “wobble” u u Why is the wobble good? Start codon u u AP Biology AUG methionine Stop codons u UGA, UAG

How are the codons matched to amino acids? DNA m. RNA 3 5 5

How are the codons matched to amino acids? DNA m. RNA 3 5 5 3 TACGCACATTTACGCGG AUGCGUGUAAAUGCGCC codon t. RNA amino acid AP Biology 3 UAC Met 5 GCA Arg CAU Val anti-codon

Transfer RNA structure “Clover leaf” structure anticodon on “clover leaf” end u amino acid

Transfer RNA structure “Clover leaf” structure anticodon on “clover leaf” end u amino acid attached on 3 end u AP Biology

Ribosomes Facilitate coupling of t. RNA anticodon to m. RNA codon u organelle or

Ribosomes Facilitate coupling of t. RNA anticodon to m. RNA codon u organelle or enzyme? Structure ribosomal RNA (r. RNA) & proteins u 2 subunits u large small AP Biology E P A

Ribosomes A site (aminoacyl-t. RNA site) u P site (peptidyl-t. RNA site) u holds

Ribosomes A site (aminoacyl-t. RNA site) u P site (peptidyl-t. RNA site) u holds t. RNA carrying next amino acid to be added to chain holds t. RNA carrying growing polypeptide chain Met E site (exit site) u AP Biology empty t. RNA leaves ribosome from exit site U A C A U G 5' E P A 3'

Building a polypeptide Initiation brings together m. RNA, ribosome subunits, initiator t. RNA u

Building a polypeptide Initiation brings together m. RNA, ribosome subunits, initiator t. RNA u Elongation adding amino acids based on codon sequence u Termination 3 2 1 end codon u Val Leu Met Met Leu Ala Leu release factor Ser Trp A C t. RNA G U AC 5' CUGAA U m. RNA A U G 3' E P A AP Biology 5' U A C G A C AA U G CU G 5' 3' U A C GA C A U G C UG AAU 3' 5' U A C G A C AA U AU G C U G 3' A CC U GG U A A 3'

Protein targeting Signal peptide u address label Destinations: start of a secretory pathway AP

Protein targeting Signal peptide u address label Destinations: start of a secretory pathway AP Biology secretion nucleus mitochondria chloroplasts cell membrane cytoplasm etc…

RNA polymerase DNA Can you tell the story? amino acids exon intron t. RNA

RNA polymerase DNA Can you tell the story? amino acids exon intron t. RNA pre-m. RNA 5' cap mature m. RNA aminoacyl t. RNA synthetase poly. A tail large ribosomal subunit polypeptide 5' small ribosomal subunit AP Biology t. RNA E P A ribosome 3'

RNA TRANSCRIPTION TRANSLATION RNA RNA ribonucleic acid CarriesRNA TRANSCRIPTION TRANSLATION RNA RNA ribonucleic acid Carries
RNA and Transcription DNA RNA PROTEIN RNA andRNA and Transcription DNA RNA PROTEIN RNA and
Protein Synthesis Transcription and Translation DNA Transcription RNAProtein Synthesis Transcription and Translation DNA Transcription RNA
Protein Synthesis Transcription and Translation DNA Transcription RNAProtein Synthesis Transcription and Translation DNA Transcription RNA
TRANSLATION DNA Transcription RNA Nucleus Cytoplasm Translation ProteinTRANSLATION DNA Transcription RNA Nucleus Cytoplasm Translation Protein
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS TRANSCRIPTION TRANSLATION PROTEIN SYNTHESIS DNA RNAPROTEIN SYNTHESIS TRANSCRIPTION TRANSLATION PROTEIN SYNTHESIS DNA RNA
Transcription Translation Protein Synthesis Protein Synthesis Protein synthesisTranscription Translation Protein Synthesis Protein Synthesis Protein synthesis
Translation Protein Synthesis RNA protein Making a proteinTranslation Protein Synthesis RNA protein Making a protein
TRANSLATION PROTEIN RNA PROTEIN SYNTHESIS MAKING A PROTEINTRANSLATION PROTEIN RNA PROTEIN SYNTHESIS MAKING A PROTEIN
Translation Protein Synthesis RNA protein Making a proteinTranslation Protein Synthesis RNA protein Making a protein
RNA PROCESSING Part1 m RNA processing Transcription mRNA PROCESSING Part1 m RNA processing Transcription m
Gene Expression in Eukaryotes Transcription and RNA ProcessingGene Expression in Eukaryotes Transcription and RNA Processing
RNA Transcription RNA vs DNA RNA Contains AdenineRNA Transcription RNA vs DNA RNA Contains Adenine
TRANSCRIPTION RNA CLASSIFICATION ribosomal RNA r RNA messengerTRANSCRIPTION RNA CLASSIFICATION ribosomal RNA r RNA messenger
t RNA t RNA Transfer RNA t RNAt RNA t RNA Transfer RNA t RNA
RNA RNA RNA ribonucleic acid RNA is aRNA RNA RNA ribonucleic acid RNA is a
RNA m RNA informacijska RNA r RNA ribosomskaRNA m RNA informacijska RNA r RNA ribosomska