TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS INTRODUCTION TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS IS A MODEL

TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS

INTRODUCTION TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS IS A MODEL OF PEOPLE AND RELATIONSHIPS THAT WAS DEVELOPED DURING THE 1960 S BY DR. ERIC BERNE, WHO DURING HIS OBSERVATION FOUND THAT HIS PATIENTS BEHAVED IN A WAY AS IF SEVERAL DIFFERENT PEOPLE WERE INSIDE THEM. THIS FORCED HIM TO STUDY THE PERSONALITY AND DYNAMICS OF SELF AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH OTHERS WHICH HELPED IN DETERMINING THE KINDS OF BEHAVIORS THAT AN INDIVIDUAL SHOWS IN DIFFERENT REAL TIME

• ACCORDING TO ERIC BERNE, • WHEN TWO PEOPLE ENCOUNTER EACH OTHER, ONE OF THEM WILL SPEAK TO THE OTHER. THIS HE CALLED THE TRANSACTION STIMULUS. THE REACTION FROM THE OTHER PERSON HE CALLED THE TRANSACTION RESPONSE. • THE PERSON SENDING THE STIMULUS IS CALLED THE AGENT. THE PERSON WHO RESPONDS IS CALLED THE RESPONDENT. • TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS BECAME THE METHOD

MEANING TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS IS A TECHNIQUE USED TO HELP PEOPLE BETTER UNDERSTAND THEIR OWN AND OTHER’S BEHAVIOUR, ESPECIALLY IN INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS. • IT IS A GOOD METHOD FOR UNDERSTANDING INTERPERSONAL BEHAVIOUR. • IT OFFERS A MODEL OF PERSONALITY AND THE DYNAMICS OF SELF AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO OTHERS

EGO STATES: THE EGO STATES ARE AN IMPORTANT ASPECT OF TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS THAT TALKS ABOUT HOW A PERSON FEELS, BEHAVE OR THINK AT ANY POINT OF TIME. ACCORDING TO DR ERIC BERNE, PEOPLE USUALLY INTERACT WITH EACH OTHER IN TERMS OF THREE PSYCHOLOGICAL AND BEHAVIORAL PATTERNS CLASSIFIED AS 1. PARENT EGO 2. ADULT EGO 3. CHILD EGO OFTEN CALLED AS A PAC MODEL , THIS CLASSIFICATION IS NOT MADE ON THE BASIS OF THE AGE GROUP OF AN INDIVIDUAL RATHER THESE ARE RELATED TO THE WAYS IN WHICH AN INDIVIDUAL BEHAVES. THUS, IT IS OBSERVED THAT A PERSON OF ANY AGE GROUP MAY POSSESS VARYING

PARENT EGO: THE PARENT EGO, REFERS TO THE BEHAVIOR AND ATTITUDE OF AN EMOTIONALLY SIGNIFICANT INDIVIDUAL WHO ACTED WITH QUITE A MATURITY WHEN HE WAS A CHILD. HE POSSESSES THE PARENTAL TRAITS OF BEING OVERPROTECTIVE, DOGMATIC, DISTANT, INDISPENSABLE AND UPRIGHT AND BEHAVES VERY JUDICIOUSLY AT ANY TIME. THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF PARENT EGO: • 1. CRITICAL PARENT EGO: IT IS ONE IN WHICH AN INDIVIDUAL SHOWS THE CRITICAL AND EVALUATIVE

• 2. NURTURING EGO: IT IS ONE IN WHICH AN INDIVIDUAL SHOWS THE KIND AND NURTURING BEHAVIOR, NOT ONLY TOWARDS CHILDREN BUT TOWARDS ALL WITH WHOM HE INTERACTS.

ADULT EGO • THE ADULT EGO SHOWS THE LOGICAL THINKING AND REASONING ABILITY OF AN INDIVIDUAL. THE PERSON BEHAVING OR INTERACTING WITH ADULT EGO SEEKS ALL THE INFORMATION PROPERLY, VALIDATE IT USING HIS REASONING SKILLS AND THEN PROVIDE IT TO THE OTHER PEOPLE. THE PERSON POSSESSING THE ADULT EGO CAN BE JUDGED THROUGH HIS DISCUSSIONS AND THE WAY HE THINKS ABOUT A SITUATION BEFORE ARRIVING AT THE CONCLUSION. • AS THE INDIVIDUAL GROWS, HE UPDATES HIS PARENT DATA TO IDENTIFY WHAT IS VALID OR NOT VALID, SIMILARLY THE CHILD DATA IS ALSO UPDATED TO DETERMINE WHICH FEELING SHOULD BE EXPRESSED AND WHICH SHOULD BE LEFT UNSPOKEN. IN THIS

CHILD EGO • THE CHILD EGO, REFERS TO THE STATE OF AN INDIVIDUAL WHEN HE BEHAVES ILLOGICALLY AND TAKES QUICK ACTIONS TO SATISFY THE IMMEDIATE NEEDS WITHOUT THINKING MUCH ABOUT ITS CONSEQUENCES. THE CREATIVITY, DEPRESSION, CONFORMITY, DEPENDENCE, HATE, FEAR, ETC. ARE SOME OF THE MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF THIS EGO STATE. THE CHILD EGO REPRESENTS THE CHILDHOOD STATE WHEN AN INDIVIDUAL HAS NOT BECOME SOCIAL AND IS IN ITS INITIAL STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT. • THE CHILD EGO CAN BE NATURAL, ADAPTIVE AND REBELLIOUS. THE NATURAL CHILD IS SENSUOUS, IMPULSIVE, AFFECTIONATE AND DOES THINGS THAT COME NATURALLY. WHEREAS THE ADAPTIVE CHILD IS ONE, WHO IS TRAINED AND INSTRUCTED BY

ANALYSIS OF TRANSACTIONS THE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN PEOPLE GIVE RISE TO THE SOCIAL TRANSACTIONS, I. E. HOW PEOPLE RESPOND AND INTERACT WITH EACH OTHER DEPENDS ON THEIR EGO STATES. THE TRANSACTIONS ROUTED THROUGH EGO STATES OF PERSONS CAN BE CLASSIFIED AS COMPLEMENTARY, CROSSED AND ULTERIOR.

COMPLEMENTARY TRANSACTIONS: A TRANSACTION IS SAID TO BE COMPLEMENTARY WHEN THE PERSON SENDING THE MESSAGE GETS THE PREDICTED RESPONSE FROM THE OTHER PERSON. THUS, THE STIMULUS AND RESPONSE PATTERNS FROM ONE EGO STATE TO ANOTHER ARE PARALLEL. THESE ARE: • ADULT-ADULT TRANSACTION: THE MANAGER ACTS WITH THE ADULT EGO STATE, WHO TRIES TO CLARIFY AND INFORM EMPLOYEES ABOUT THE ISSUES AND HAS A CONCERN FOR THE HUMAN NEEDS AND FACTS AND FIGURES. I AM O. K. YOU ARE O. K IS HIS LIFE

• ADULT-PARENT TRANSACTION: HERE, THE MANAGER TRIES TO IMPLEMENT THE INFORMATION BEING PROCESSED BY HIM, BUT RATHER THE EMPLOYEES WITH THE PARENT EGO STICK TO THE CLICHÉS AND THE RULES OF THE PAST. THE EMPLOYEE TRIES TO CONTROL THE MANAGER WITH HIS PARENT EGO BUT IS TEMPORARY.

• ADULT-CHILD TRANSACTION: HERE THE EMPLOYEE POSSESSES THE CHILD EGO STATE, AND THIS CAN BE EFFECTIVE ONLY IF THE MANAGER KNOWS ABOUT IT AND LET HIS EMPLOYEES TO BE IN THIS STATE TO BE CREATIVE.

• PARENT-PARENT TRANSACTION: HERE THE MANAGER IS IN THE PARENT EGO, AND HIS LIFE POSITION IS I AM O. K. YOU ARE NOT O. K. REPRIMAND, REWARD, CRITICISM, RULES, PRAISE, ETC. WILL BE THE SOURCES USED BY HIM. THIS TRANSACTION IS EFFECTIVE ONLY IF THE EMPLOYEE SUPPORTS HIM AND JOIN FORCES WITH HIM.

• PARENT-ADULT TRANSACTION: HERE, BOTH MANAGER AND EMPLOYEE MIGHT BE FRUSTRATED. THE MANAGER MAY FEEL DEVASTATED IF THE EMPLOYEE DOES NOT PERFORM AS DIRECTED WHILE, THE EMPLOYEE MAY FEEL IRRITATED BECAUSE THE MANAGER IS NOT ACTING WITH THE ADULT EGO.

• PARENT-CHILD TRANSACTION: THIS IS THE IDEAL SITUATION IF THE MANAGER ACTS WITH ADULT EGO WHILE THE EMPLOYEE IS IN CHILD EGO. THE EMPLOYEE MAY FIND THIS TRANSACTION ADVANTAGEOUS AS IT ELIMINATES THE RESPONSIBILITY AND PRESSURE ON THEM

• CHILD-PARENT TRANSACTION: THE MANAGER IN THE CHILD EGO MIGHT NOT CONTRIBUTE EFFICIENTLY TOWARDS THE EFFECTIVENESS OF MANAGEMENT. ALTHOUGH THE CHILD EGO IS CHARACTERIZED BY CREATIVITY, IT DOES NOT SUFFICE THE ROLE OF A MANAGER. HERE, THE EMPLOYEE CONTROLS THE MANAGER.

• CHILD-ADULT TRANSACTION: THERE IS A LACK OF RATIONALITY WHEN A MANAGER ACTS WITH A CHILD EGO. HERE, THE EMPLOYEE IN THE ADULT EGO GETS DISCOURAGED AS HE WANTS TO MAKE LOGICAL AND REALISTIC DECISIONS, BUT THE MANAGER MAY LAND UP TO THE UNREALISTIC DECISIONS MADE ON THE BASIS OF WHIMS, FANCIES AND EMOTIONS.

• CHILD-CHILD TRANSACTION: THE MANAGER ACTING WITH CHILD-CHILD EGO IS INEFFICIENT TO LEAD HIS EMPLOYEES SUCCESSFULLY AND HENCE TURN OUT TO BE THE LIABILITY TO THE FIRM.

• NON-COMPLEMENTARY TRANSACTIONS: A TRANSACTION IS SAID TO BE NON-COMPLIMENTARY OR CROSSED WHEN THE PERSON SENDING THE MESSAGE DOES NOT GET THE PREDICTED RESPONSE, OR THE STIMULUS AND RESPONSE LINES ARE NOT PARALLEL.

• ULTERIOR TRANSACTION: THIS IS THE MOST COMPLEX TRANSACTION BECAUSE THE COMMUNICATION HAS THE DOUBLE MEANING. SUCH AS, ON THE SURFACE LEVEL THE COMMUNICATION MAY HAVE A CLEAR ADULT MESSAGE, BUT IT MAY CARRY SOME HIDDEN MESSAGE ON THE PSYCHOLOGICAL LEVEL AND GETS MISINTERPRETED.

LIFE POSITIONS THE LIFE POSITIONS REFERS TO THE SPECIFIC BEHAVIOR TOWARDS OTHERS THAT AN INDIVIDUAL LEARNS ON THE BASIS OF CERTAIN ASSUMPTIONS MADE VERY EARLY IN THE LIFE POSITIONS CAN BE CATEGORIZED AS FOLLOWS: • I AM O. K. , YOU ARE O. K- THIS LIFE POSITION SHOWS THAT AN INDIVIDUAL HAS SEVERAL O. K. EXPERIENCES WITH OTHERS. THIS MEANS, AN INDIVIDUAL ENCOUNTERED NO SEVERE PROBLEMS OR ISSUES WITH OTHERS IN HIS CHILDHOOD AND HAD A NORMAL RELATIONSHIP WITH THEM. PEOPLE WITH SUCH LIFE POSITIONS ABOUT THEMSELVES AND OTHERS AROUND HIM CAN SOLVE ANY PROBLEM VERY EASILY AND REALIZES THE SIGNIFICANCE OF

• I AM O. K. , YOU ARE NOT O. K- THIS LIFE POSITION IS CREATED WHEN AN INDIVIDUAL WAS TOO MUCH IGNORED WHEN HE WAS A CHILD. HERE, AN INDIVIDUAL BELIEVES THAT HE IS RIGHT, AND ALL THE OTHERS AROUND HIM ARE WRONG. THESE ARE THE INDIVIDUAL WHO POSSESSES THE REBELLION CHILD EGO AND PUT BLAME ON OTHERS FOR ANYTHING THAT GOES WRONG WITH THEM.

• I AM NOT O. K. , YOU ARE O. K. -THIS LIFE POSITION GETS CREATED WHEN AN INDIVIDUAL FEELS THAT OTHERS DO THINGS BETTER THAN HIM. HE FEELS INFERIOR TO OTHERS AND BELIEVES THAT OTHERS CAN DO MANY THINGS WHICH HE CANNOT DO BY HIMSELF. THESE KINDS OF PEOPLE ALWAYS COMPLAIN ABOUT ONE THING OR THE OTHER AND REMAIN HIGHLY DISSATISFIED WITH THEIR LIVES.

• I AM NOT O. K. , YOU ARE NOT O. K- THIS KIND OF LIFE POSITION IS CREATED BY THOSE WHO LACKS INTEREST IN LIVING. THEY FEEL LIFE IS NOT WORTH LIVING AND ARE THE ONES WHO HAVE BEEN NEGLECTED BY THEIR PARENTS IN THEIR CHILDHOOD AND WERE BROUGHT UP BY THE SERVANTS. SUCH KIND OF PEOPLE COMMITS SUICIDE OR HOMICIDE TO END THEIR LIVES.

SCRIPT ANALYSIS ACCORDING TO ERIC BERNE “A SCRIPT IS AN ONGOING PROGRAMME, DEVELOPED IN EARLY CHILDHOOD UNDER PARENTAL INFLUENCE WHICH DIRECTS THE INDIVISUAL BEHAVIOUR IN THE MOST IMPORTANT ASPECT OF HIS LIFE. ” IN TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS WE CAN SAY THAT A PERSON’S LIFE IS COMPARED TO A PLAY AND THE SCRIPT IS THE TEXT OF THAT PLAY.

• MCCELLAND IN HIS SCIENTIFIC STUDY HAS PROVIDED THREE BASIC ROLES WHICH ARE: • LEGITIMATE ROLES: 1. A PROSECUTOR- SOMEONE WHO SETS NECESSARY LIMIT ON BEHAVIOUR OR IS CHARGED WITH ENFORCING A RULE. 2. A VICTIM- SOMEONE WHO QUALIFIES FOR A JOB BUT KATER GET REJECTED BECAUSE OF RACE, SEX OR RELIGION. 3. A RESCUER- SOMEONE WHO HELPS A PERSON WHO IS FUNCTIONING INADEQUATELY TO BECOME

• ILLEGITIMATE ROLES: 1. A PROSECUTOR- SOMEONE WHO SETS UNNECESSARY STRICT LIMITS ON BEHAVIOUR OR IS CHARGED WITH ENFORCING THE RULES BUT DOES SO WITH SADISTIC BRUTALITY. 2. A VICTIM- SOMEONE WHO DOES NOT QUALIFY FOR THE JOB BUT FALSELY CLAIMS THAT HE GOT DENIED BECAUSE OF RACE, SEX OR RELIGION. 3. A RESCUER- SOMEONE WHO IN THE GUISE OF

SELF-AWARENESS ANALYSIS SELF AWARENESS IS A COGNITIVE CONCEPT, IT DESCRIBES THE SELF IN TERMS OF IMAGE BOTH CONSCIOUS AND UNCONSCIOUS. JOSEPH LUFT AND HARRINGTON INGHAM HAVE DEVELOPED A DIAGRAM TO LOOK AT ONE’S PERSONALITY INCLUDING BEHAVIOUR AND ATTITUDES THAT CAN BE KNOWN AND UNKNOWN TO SELF AND TO OTHERS. THIS DIAGRAM IS KNOWN AS JOHARI WINDOW. IT TALKS ABOUT THE RELATIONSHIP AND MUTUAL UNDERSTANDING BETWEEN THE GROUP MEMBERS.

• OBJECTIVE: THE OBJECTIVE BEHIND THE CREATION OF QUADRANTS IN JOHARI WINDOW IS TO ENABLE AN INDIVIDUAL TO DEVELOP TRUST WITH OTHERS BY DISCLOSING INFORMATION ABOUT HIMSELF AND ALSO TO KNOW WHAT OTHERS FEEL ABOUT HIM THROUGH FEEDBACK. • THE JOHARI WINDOW MODEL IS MADE UP OF FOUR QUADRANTS THESE ARE:

1. OPEN SELF: THIS QUADRANT SHOWS THE BEHAVIOR, MOTIVES, ATTITUDES, KNOWLEDGE SKILLS OF AN INDIVIDUAL THAT HE IS AWARE OF AND IS WILLING TO SHARE IT WITH OTHERS. THE OPEN SELF IS CHARACTERIZED AS A STATE WHEREIN THE INDIVIDUAL IS OPEN AND STRAIGHT FORWARD TO HIMSELF AND OTHERS ABOUT WHAT HE IS DOING, HOW IS HE DOING AND WHAT ARE HIS INTENTIONS. 2. BLIND SELF: THE BLIND SELF SHOWS THE STATE OF AN INDIVIDUAL KNOWN TO OTHERS BUT NOT KNOWN TO HIM. IT USUALLY HAPPENS, WHEN AN INDIVIDUAL OR A SUBJECT COPIES THE BEHAVIOR OF SOME SIGNIFICANT PERSONALITIES UNCONSCIOUSLY SINCE HIS

3. HIDDEN SELF: THIS QUADRANT OF THE JOHARI WINDOW SHOWS THE STATE OF AN INDIVIDUAL KNOWN TO HIM BUT NOT KNOWN TO THE OTHERS. THIS IS GENERALLY SEEN IN THE INDIVIDUALS WHO ARE INTROVERT AND DO NOT LIKE TO SHARE THEIR PRIVATE LIVES WITH ANYONE. THE INDIVIDUAL KEEPS HIS FEELINGS, IDEAS OR THOUGHTS TO HIMSELF AND DO NOT DISCLOSE IT IN FRONT OF THE OTHERS. 4. UNKNOWN SELF: THE UNKNOWN SELF IS THE MYSTERIOUS STATE OF AN INDIVIDUAL NEITHER KNOWN TO HIM, NOR OTHERS KNOW ABOUT IT. OFEN THE FEELINGS, THOUGHTS OR IDEAS GO SO DEEP DOWN THE INDIVIDUAL THAT IT BECOMES DIFFICULT

STROKING • ACCORDING TO ERIC BERNE , THE FOUNDER OF T. A. , “A STROKE IS A UNIT OF RECOGNITION”. • HE STATES THAT “A STROKE MAY BE USED AS THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF SOCIAL ACTION”. • IT REFERS TO GIVING SOME KIND OF RECOGNITION TO OTHERS. • POSITIVE STROKES CAN BE COMPLIMENT, SMILE, HUG, WORDS OF SUPPORT AND ENCOURAGEMENT. • STROKES CAN ALSO BE NEGATIVE AS IN CRITICISMS, HITS, FROWN, HOWEVER, LET’S NOT GO THERE. STROKES

STROKES CAN BE: VERBAL OR NON-VERBAL E. G. HELLO (VERBAL) OR A SMILE OR HUG (NON- VERBAL). POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE E. G. IT’ NICE TO SEE YOU (POSITIVE) OR GO AWAY (NEGATIVE). CONDITIONAL OR UNCONDITIONAL. E. G. YOU DID THAT WELL (CONDITIONAL) OR YOU ARE WONDERFUL (UNCONDITIONAL).

GAME ANALYSIS ACCORDING TO ERIC BERNE, “A GAME IS A RECURRING SET OF TRANSACTIONS OFTEN REPETITIONS, SUPERFICIALLY PLAUSIBLE WITH A CONCEALED MOTIVATION OR MORE COLLOQUIALLY A SERIES OF MOVES WITH A SHARE OR GIMMICK. ” IN SIMPLE WORDS GAME ANALYSIS IS THE ACT OF OBSERVING AND UNDERSTANDING WHAT GAMES ARE PLAYED, WHAT THE END RESULTS WILL BE AND HOW THESE GAMES INTERFERE WITH A PERSON’S

A PSYCHOLOGICAL GAME IS A SET OF TRANSACTIONS WITH THREE CHARACTERISTICS: 1. THE TRANSACTION TEND TO BE REPEATED. 2. THEY MAKE SENSE ON SOCIAL LEVEL. ONE OR MORE OF THE TRANSACTION IS ULTERIOR. THE SET OF TRANSACTIONS END UP WITH A PREDICTABLE PAYOFF OR A NEGATIVE FEELING STILL PEOPLE PLAY GAMES BECAUSE OF THE FOLLOWING REASONS: • TO GET STROKES. • TO STRENGTHEN LIFE POSITIONS. • TO AVOID OR CONTROL INTIMACY.

TYPES OF GAME: ACCORDING TO EEIC BERNE, FOLLOWING ARE SOME OF THE GAMES-: • A FIRST DEGREE GAME IS WHICH IS SOCIAALY ACCEPTABLE IN AGENT’S CIRCLE. • A SECOND DEGREE GAME IS ONE FROM WHICH NO PERMANENT IRREMEDIAL DAMAGE ARISES, BUT WHICH THE PLAYER WILL RATHER CONCEAL FROM THE PUBLIC. • A THIRD DEGREE GAME IS WHICH IS PLAYED FOR KEEPS BUT ENDS IN THE SURGEEY, COURTROOM OR MORGUE.

• METHODS OF PREVENTING GAME: • AVOIDANCE OF THE COMPLIMENTARY HAND. • AVOIDANCE OF ACTING ROLES PRESENT IN GAMES, PARTICULARLY VICTIM ROLES. • AVOIDANCE OF PUTTING OTHER PEOPLE DOWN. • AVOIDANCE OF PUTTING ONESELF DOWN. • GIVING AND TAKING POSITIVE STROKES AS AGAINST NAGATIVE STROKES. • LEVELING THE THINKING WITH OTHERS.

BENEFITS OF TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS • IT CAN INCREASE SELF-AWARENESS. • IT PROMOTES PERSONAL REFLECTION. • IT HELPS PEOPLE FIND MORE EFFECTIVE WAYS TO COMMUNICATE. • IT CAN HELP ELIMINATE UNHELPFUL THOUGHTS, FEELINGS, AND ACTIONS. • IT CAN HELP PEOPLE TAKE RESPONSIBILITY FOR THEIR THOUGHTS AND ACTIONS. • IT HELPS TO UNDERSTAND EGO STATE. • IT HELPS IN ORGANISATIONAL DEVELOPMENT.

SUBMITTED TO: MRS. KRITI MAHAJAN SUBMITTED BY: SIMRAN KAUR MCOM-1 2021013