Transactional Analysis 101 Course An Introduction to the

Transactional Analysis 101 Course: An Introduction to the Theory and Practice of TA Focused on Social Justice Vann S. Joines, Ph. D. , Graham Barnes, Ph. D. , Valerie Batts, Ph. D. , and Felipe Garcia, M. A. Certified Teaching and Supervising Transactional Analysts, ITAA With Special Thanks to: The Inclusion, Equality and Social Action (IESAC) Committee Members of USATAA: Janice Dowson (Chair), Cheryl Leong, Inger Acking, and Reiko True For Planning this Social Justice TA 101 and Obtaining a Grant from the Eric Berne Fund for the Future to Video this Special Social Justice TA 101 Course © Vann S. Joines 6/18/19 1

History Transactional Analysis was developed in the late 1950’s and early 1960’s by Eric Berne, MD, a psychiatrist in Carmel, California. Berne was born in 1910 in Montreal, Canada. He went to college and medical school at Mc. Gill University. He came to the U. S. to do his psychiatry residency. He was drafted into the military and served as an Army psychiatrist. In 1958, Berne began the San Francisco Social Psychiatry Seminar. In 1962, Berne and his students began the TA Bulletin. In 1964, Berne and his students formed the International Transactional Analysis Association which now has associations in almost every major country world-wide. In 1970, Berne died and the TA Bulletin was changed to the TA Journal. © Vann S. Joines 6/18/19 2

People Who Influenced Berne Paul Federn Edoardo Weiss Eric Erikson Wilder Penfield Rene Spitz Alfred Adler Wilfred Bion Sigmund Freud © Vann S. Joines 6/18/19 3

Books by Eric Berne The Layman’s Guide to Psychiatry and Psychoanalysis 1947 Transactional Analysis in Psychotherapy – 1961 Games People Play - 1964 The Structure and Dynamics of Organizations and Groups 1966 Principles of Group Treatment - 1966 Sex in Human Loving - 1970 What Do You Say After You Say Hello? – 1972 Beyond Games and Scripts - 1976 Intuitions and Ego States – 1977 © Vann S. Joines 6/18/19 4

Books by Other Authors Stewart, I. & Joines, V. (1987). TA Today: A New Introduction to Transactional Analysis. Nottingham & Chapel Hill: Lifespace Publishing. Stewart, I. & Joines, V. (2002). Personality Adaptations: A New Guide to Human Understanding in Psychotherapy and Counseling. Nottingham & Chapel Hill: Lifespace Publishing. Steiner, C. (1974). Scripts People Live: Transactional Analysis of Life Scripts. New York: Grove Press. Goulding, R. & Goulding, M. (1979). Changing Lives Through Redecision Therapy. New York: Brunner/Mazel. James, M. (1977). Techniques in Transactional Analysis. Reading, Mass. : Addison-Wesley, 1977 © Vann S. Joines 6/18/19 5

Definition Transactional Analysis is both a theory of personality and human interaction, and a method of psychotherapy, counseling, organizational analysis, and educational facilitation. It is made up of four basic parts: 1. Structural Analysis 2. Transactional Analysis Proper 3. Life Script Analysis 4. Game and Racket Analysis © Vann S. Joines 6/18/19 6

Philosophical Principles 1. Human beings are okay. 2. Everyone has the capacity to think. 3. Dysfunctional behavior results from early decisions made in childhood that at the time are the very best option the child has available for taking care of him or herself. These decisions limit oneself in the present and can be re-decided. © Vann S. Joines 6/18/19 7

Structural Analysis (The Component Parts of the Personality and How Those Parts Function Intrapsychically) Exercise © Vann S. Joines 6/18/19 8

Structural Analysis P Ego NP A C NC First Order Structural Diagram AC Descriptive or Functional Diagram © Vann S. Joines 6/18/19 9

Structural Analysis What Freud described as the Ego or conscious part of the personality is made up of three distinct states that represent: 1. Who the person was as a child. 2. Who the person is in the present, and 3. Who the person’s parents were. These are referred to as the Child, Adult, and Parent Ego State. Definition of an ego state: A consistent, coherent system of feelings and thoughts along with a correlated set of behavior patterns © Vann S. Joines 6/18/19 10

Structural Analysis P 2 P 3 Mother and Father’s Parent Ego State A 3 Mother and Father’s Adult Ego State C 3 Mother and Father’s Child Ego State A 2 P 1 The Magical Parent A 1 The Little Professor C 1 The Infant C 2 Second Order © Vann S. Joines 6/18/19 Structural Diagram 11

How the Structure Develops P 2 P 3 A 3 Parent 6 – 12 yrs. C 3 Ego Conception to Birth P 0 C 1 A 0 C 0 A 2 Adult 18 mo. s – 3 yrs. P 1 Magical Parent 3 – 6 yrs. A 1 Little Professor 6 – 18 mo. s C 1 Infant 0 – 6 mo. s C 2 © Vann S. Joines 6/18/19 12

Parent, Adult, Child vs. Superego, Ego, and ID SE P EGO A C ID © Vann S. Joines 6/18/19 13

Our Sense of Self 1. We have a movable sense of self. 2. Our sense of “real self” will be wherever our spontaneous energy is greatest. 3. That may be different from the part of us that is in charge of what we are doing (the executive). © Vann S. Joines 6/18/19 14

Types of Energy We have 3 types of energy: 1. Bound 2. Unbound 3. Free (Spontaneous) P A C © Vann S. Joines 6/18/19 15

How to Diagnose Ego States A complete diagnosis is made up of four parts: 1. A behavioral diagnosis 2. A social or operational diagnosis 3. A historical diagnosis 4. A phenomenological or existential diagnosis © Vann S. Joines 6/18/19 16

How the Ego States Function in Decision – Making Exercise – Groups of Three © Vann S. Joines 6/18/19 17

Ideal Functioning in Decision Making P A C © Vann S. Joines 6/18/19 18

Contamination Diagrams P A P P A A C C Parent Contamination of the Adult. C Child Contamination of the Adult © Vann S. Joines 6/18/19 Double Contamination of the Adult 19

Exclusion Diagrams P P P A A A C C C Exclusion of the Child Exclusion of the Parent © Vann S. Joines 6/18/19 Exclusion of the Adult 20

The Egogram (Developed by Jack Dusay, M. D. ) CP NP A NC © Vann S. Joines 6/18/19 AC 21

Existential Position: A person’s basic belief about self and other which are used to justify decisions and behavior You are OK I+ U+ U+ I- I am not OK I am OK I+ U- U- I+ You not 6/18/19 OK © Vannare S. Joines 22

Transactional Analysis Proper (Analyzing Our Communication) Definition of a Transaction: A transaction is the basic unit of social discourse made up of a transactional stimulus and a response. Types of Transactions: 1. Complementary 2. Crossed 3. Ulterior A. Angular B. Duplex © Vann S. Joines 6/18/19 23

Types of Transactions Diagramed P P A A A C C C S A R C 1. Complementary P P A A A C C C S A C P 2. Crossed 3. Ulterior (Angular) © Vann S. Joines 6/18/19 (Duplex) 24

Rules of Communication 1. When the transactions are complementary, communication can proceed indefinitely. 2. When the transactions are crossed, communication breaks down and one or both people have to change ego states in order to re-establish communication. 3. When the transactions are ulterior, the behavioral outcome will be determined by the psychological level. © Vann S. Joines 6/18/19 25

Gallows Transaction A “gallows transaction” is when someone laughs at or jokes about their own selfdestructive or non-productive behavior and invites others to laugh also. P P A A C C © Vann S. Joines 6/18/19 26

Transacting (Initiating and responding to stimuli with self and others) • Transacting with self: – Internal dialogue – Internal responsive process – Feel, think, act • Transactional stimuli deserve a response • Five options for initiating and responding – – – Critical parent Nurturing parent Adult Adaptive child Free child • Blocking transactions • Redefining transactions • Competitive transactions © Vann S. Joines 6/18/19 27

Analyzing transactions (exercise) Think of a recent experience you had where you felt uncomfortable 1) What was the stimulus? 2) How did you respond? 3) What type of transactions and ego states were involved? 4) How did you end up feeling? 5) What could you have done differently? © Vann S. Joines 6/18/19 28

Psychological Hungers Berne realized that just as much of behavior is motivated by certain physical hungers like food, clothing, shelter, etc. , there are certain psychological hungers that motivate a great deal of our behavior. These are: 1. Stimulus hunger which gets sublimated into recognition hunger (Stroke hunger) 2 Structure hunger which has as a corollary leadership hunger 3 Position hunger © Vann S. Joines 6/18/19 29

Strokes (a unit of recognition) Strokes can be: • Unconditional or conditional • Positive or negative • Verbal, non-verbal, or physical © Vann S. Joines 6/18/19 30

Types of Strokes Unconditional Positive (Positive Being Strokes) Unconditional Negative (Negative Being Strokes) I love you You matter You are ok You are not ok I hate you You are no good To self: I am ok I like myself To self: I am not ok There is something wrong w/ me Inclusion and equality Racism, sexism… Positive Condition Strokes (Positive Strokes for Doing or Having) Negative Conditional Strokes (Negative Strokes for Doing or Having) You did a good job I like how you are dressed You speak clearly That is a great idea You made a mistake You are late I don’t like your language That’s a stupid idea I don’t like how I did that I like how we are different © Vann S. Joines 6/18/19 To self: I made a mistake To self: I am proud of my work 31

Strokes and Cultural Rules There are cultural rules about strokes which need examination and change – – – Don't ask for strokes Don't give yourself strokes Don't accept strokes Don't reject strokes © Vann S. Joines 6/18/19 32

Strokes Permissions – – – o o Ask for strokes Give strokes Accept strokes Reject strokes Give yourself strokes You get what you stroke Stroke what you want Notice target strokes Notice target discounts © Vann S. Joines 6/18/19 33

Strokes (exercise) Using a scale of 0 to 5; 0 representing “never” and 5 “ very often”, place a number in each box that represents how often you utilize strokes Types/Ways Give Receive Accept Ask For Give self Reject Positive Being (unconditional) Negative Being (Unconditional) Positive Doing / Having Conditional Negative Doing/ Having Conditional • • • What did you learn about yourself? What are the ramifications of this awareness? © Vann S. Joines 6/18/19 What would you like to change? 34

Time Structuring Exercise © Vann S. Joines 6/18/19 35

Time Structuring Intensity of Stroking Degree of Psychological Risk 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Withdrawal Rituals Pastimes Activities Games Intimacy © Vann S. Joines 6/18/19 36

Position Hunger Existential Life Positions: 1. 2. 3. 4. I’m Okay – You’re Okay (Reality) I’m Not Okay – You’re Okay (Depressive) I’m Okay – You’re Not Okay (Defensive) I’m Not Okay – You’re Not Okay (Despair) © Vann S. Joines 6/18/19 37

Okay Corral You’re Okay Get away from Get on with (Depressive) (Healthy) I’m Not Okay I’m Okay Get nowhere with Get rid of (Despair) (Defensive) You’re Not Okay © Vann S. Joines 6/18/19 38

Typical Behaviors in Each Quadrant You’re Okay Kick Me Scare, Sadness, Confusion, Guilt Depressive Loveless Run Away, Suicide I’m Not Okay Excited (Positive Feelings) Problem – Solving I’m Okay WDYYB Frustration Despair Mindless Go Crazy Blemish Anger Defensive Joyless Homicide You’re Not © Vann S. Okay Joines 6/18/19 39

Life Script Analysis (Becoming Aware of Our Unconscious Life Plan) Definition of a Life Script: A person’s life plan concerning what of significance will happen to them in their life, which they decided on in childhood, and of which they are likely to be unaware in the present. Three Types: 1. Winners 2. Losers 3. Non-Winners © Vann S. Joines 6/18/19 40

Time Patterns in Scripts 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Always Never After Until Almost or Over and Over Open Ended © Vann S. Joines 6/18/19 41

Script Matrix Mother P Counter. Injunctions (Drivers) Father Self P P A A A C Permissions Injunctions C C Program (Here’s How) © Vann S. Joines 6/18/19 42

The Five Drivers • • • Be Perfect Be Strong Try Hard Please Others Hurry Up © Vann S. Joines 6/18/19 43

The Injunctions Behavioral 1. Don’t be or don’t exist 2. Don’t be well or sane 3. Don’t be you 4. Don’t make it 5. Don’t be close or trust 6. Don’t grow up 7. Don’t be a child 8. Don’t be important 9. Don’t belong 10. Don’t enjoy 11. Don’t talk 12. Don’t Feeling 1. Don’t feel 2. Don’t feel (x) 3. Don’t feel what you feel, feel what I feel Thinking 1. Don’t think 2. Don’t think (x) 3. Don’t think what you think, think what I think © Vann S. Joines 6/18/19 44

Script Terminology Counterscript = Counterinjuctions + Child’s Acquiesence Drivers = Specific Group of Universal Counterinjunctions Script Proper = Injunctions + Child’s Decision Program = Parent’s Modeling for How to Carry out the Injunctions © Vann S. Joines 6/18/19 45

Fairytales and Childhood Stories 1. The Child will find a story that existentially fits his or her predicament. 2. The story gives the Child a magical sense of power and control in a situation where otherwise the Child would feel helpless. 3. The story becomes the basic template for the individual’s Life Script. 4. The story is based on magic and doesn’t work in reality. © Vann S. Joines 6/18/19 46

How People Make the External World Fit Their Internal Belief System (Script) © Vann S. Joines 6/18/19 47

Frames of Reference 1. 2. A way to justify our Life Script and thereby keep our world consistent and predictable Maintained through Discounting, Redefining, and Tangential and Blocking Transactions F. of R. NC F. of R. P P A A AC AC Intimacy © Vann S. Joines 6/18/19 NC 48

Racket and Game Analysis (How We Use Our Transactions for Ulterior Purposes in Order to Support Our Script) People support their life script: 1. By maintaining psychological rackets 2. By playing psychological games © Vann S. Joines 6/18/19 49

Racket Analysis (How and Why We Maintain Unpleasant Feelings) Definition of a racket: (1) The process of seeking out and maintaining a familiar unpleasant feeling as a way of manipulating support from the environment. (2) Escalating a familiar unpleasant feeling rather than taking direct action to resolve the feeling. © Vann S. Joines 6/18/19 50

The Purpose of Unpleasant Feelings 1. They let us know what we are needing. 2. They are a stimulus for problem-solving. The Process of Problem-Solving: 1. What am I feeling? 2. What’s going on that I am feeling that way about? 3. What can I do about it? 4. Choose an Option. 5. Implement the option and let go of the feeling. © Vann S. Joines 6/18/19 51

Rackets are the feelings people go into in a situation of stress. They are learned though life situations. They are what the parents paid the most attention to the child for feeling. They are the feeling(s) that were modeled by one’s parents in a situation of stress. They are like old shoes – well known and comfortable but worn out. People work hard to justify them. © Vann S. Joines 6/18/19 52

Favorite Cop-outs The Gene Theory My Horoscope My Biorhythm Other People or Things My Unconscious The Devil God © Vann S. Joines 6/18/19 53

How People Justify Their Racket Look for evidence in their lives Look for evidence in the newspaper Look for evidence on the TV news Talk with others who have the same Racket (Racketeering) Set up a Game © Vann S. Joines 6/18/19 54

How People Keep Themselves in a Racket Familiar Here and Now Past Future Unfamiliar © Vann S. Joines 6/18/19 55

The Racket System Existential Feelings & Beliefs Behavioral Display Reinforcing Memories (Reinforces) © Vann S. Joines 6/18/19 56

Game Analysis (How we justify what we are already feeling and believing internally and shift the responsibility externally to someone or something else – Jacqui Schiff) © Vann S. Joines 6/18/19 57

Definitions of a Game A series of ulterior transactions outside the awareness of those involved in which everyone ends up feeling confused, misunderstood, and negative about themselves or others. Three ways of analyzing a game: § Karpman Drama Triangle § Berne’s Formula “G” § The Kupher-Goulding Transactional Diagram © Vann S. Joines 6/18/19 58

Degrees of Games 1 st Degree – Socially acceptable 2 nd Degree – Involve enough embarrassment that people prefer to keep them hidden 3 rd Degree – Played for keeps: involve tissue damage or other serious consequences © Vann S. Joines 6/18/19 59

Karpman Drama Triangle P R V © Vann S. Joines 6/18/19 60

Examples of typical Games § Why don’t you – yes, but § Now I got you, SOB § Kick Me § Schlemiel § Stupid § Blemish © Vann S. Joines 6/18/19 61

Berne’s Formula “G” C + G(H) = R Con Gimmick (Hook) Response S X Switch Cross-up © Vann S. Joines 6/18/19 P Payoff 62

The Kupher – Goulding Model 1. An ostensible straight stimulus. 2. A secret message. 3. A response to the secret message. 4. A bad feeling payoff. 5. The entire series of ulterior transactions are not within Adult awareness. Student Professor P A C 4. Sad © Vann S. Joines 6/18/19 2. 1. P A 3. C Angry 63

John James - The Game Plan What keeps happening over and over again in your life that you end up feeling bad about? 1. What happens first? 2. What happens next? 3. And then what happens? 4. How does it end? 5. What do you feel and tell yourself? © Vann S. Joines 6/18/19 64

Jacqui Schiff: Games Result From Unresolved Symbiotic Relationships Discounting is the mechanism and grandiosity is the justification. P A C Levels of Discounting 1. Problem 2. Significance 3. Solvability 4. Person P C Levels of Passive Behavior 1. Doing Nothing 2. Over-adapting 3. Agitation 4. Incapacitation or Violence © Vann S. Joines 6/18/19 65

Characteristics of Games • • • Repetitive Out of awareness Negative payoff Ostensible adult stimulus Involves a switch © Vann S. Joines 6/18/19 66

Why Do People Play Games? • • • To structure time To reinforce existential position To give and get strokes To avoid intimacy To make people predictable To advance the script © Vann S. Joines 6/18/19 67

How to Avoid Playing a Game • • • Avoid the con Confront the con Ask for strokes directly Avoid discounting yourself and others Learn from the payoff Practice responsivity © Vann S. Joines 6/18/19 68

Avoiding Games and passivity through the Internal Responsive Process 1. Awareness of feeling Joyful, powerful, peaceful, sad, angry, scared 2. Think about the feeling and identify the need, want. Sad, natural response to loss. Healthy response provides support, understanding, compassion, empathy and space. Scared, natural response to real or imagined threat. Healthy response provides protections, space, support, encouragement and reality testing or confrontation. Angry, natural response to boundary intrusion. Healthy response can include establishing or reestablishing boundaries, confrontation of the intrusion, verbalize resentment. Peaceful, joyful, powerful, indicates homeostasis: enjoy, keep on keeping on. 3. Act to get need met (See external responsive process). 4. Experience relief or recycle process. © Vann S. feelings Joines 6/18/19 Note: Be aware of substitute which cover up real feelings. 69

Avoiding Games and passivity through the External Responsive Process Operations Initiations Responses 1) Asking for wants ● Will you make some time for us to talk? ● Will you watch the children while I am gone? ● Certainly. How about now? ● Yes, I'd love to, ORNo, I don't want to right now. ● No, not now, how about tomorrow morning? 2) Verbalizing Feelings ● I want to share some feelings with you, are you willing to hear it? If yes; When you (describe specific behaviors), I felt (impact on you) ● I hear that when I do____ you feel___ That makes sense to me. ● Please don’t touch the papers I left on the table. ● Please stop interrupting me. Can we set up another time? ● I have too much work to do and cannot take that on right now. ● Saying “no” ● I notice that you may be avoiding me. Did I do something to offend you? ● I hear you and will respect that. ● I’ll respect you and your boundaries. I understand. 3) Setting Limits 4) Checking out interpretation of others behavior ● What would you want me to do instead? ● Yes, (state resentment) ● What is true and what is not true about interpretation? Share seed of truth ● I sense we haven’t been close, ● Yes. I am angry; I am sorry I had is there a problem? © Vann S. Joines 6/18/19 not told you; when can we talk 70 about it?

Avoiding Games and passivity through the External Responsive Process Operations 5) Sharing Information 6) Stroking 7) Accounting (Lewis, 1998) Initiations Responses ● Your father is looking for you. ● I will have your lunch for you by tomorrow at 7: 00 a. m. ● I just got promotion. I got an A!! ● I won’t be here tomorrow when you get home. I have a doctor’s appointment. ● Thank you. ● I appreciate you very much. ● You mean a lot to me, I am glad you are in my life. . ● Thank you for fixing breakfast. ● Includes feelings, thoughts and plan. ● I want to account for not getting home in time for dinner yesterday. I thought I would be finished with work earlier. Next time, I’ll call to let you know. ● I like hearing that. ● Thank you. ● You are welcome. My pleasure. © Vann S. Joines 6/18/19 ● How wonderful! (Mirror the feeling of joy, excitement, sadness, fear. ) ● Thank you for letting me know. ● I accept your apology. ● I appreciate your explanation and look forward to your checking things out with me. 71

How to Help People Change Their Life Script Eric Berne’s View: 1. Structural Analysis, 2. Transactional Analysis Proper, 3. Game and Racket Analysis, and 4. Life Script Analysis. Bob and Mary Goulding’s View: The early decision holds the Script together. Help the client change the early decision and the Script falls apart (It is no longer necessary). © Vann S. Joines 6/18/19 72

The Overall Goal To help individuals experience themselves as okay, take back the power and autonomy they had to give up in childhood, regain their spontaneity, feel safe in being intimate with others, and create the kind of life they want for themselves in the present. © Vann S. Joines 6/18/19 73

Contracts A mutual agreement regarding a welldefined outcome. Contracts define who both people are, what it is that they are going to do together, what the outcome will be, how they will both know when they get there and how that will be beneficial or pleasing to the client. © Vann S. Joines 6/18/19 74

Contracts Involve Four Basic Elements 1. 2. 3. 4. Mutual consent Valid consideration Competency A lawful, ethical object © Vann S. Joines 6/18/19 75

Muriel James’ Five Questions that are Useful in Contracting Plus Vann Joines’ Addition 1. What could you change about yourself that would really enhance your life? 2. What would you need to do to accomplish that? 3. How will that be beneficial or pleasing to you? 4. How would you and I both know once you had accomplished that? 5. How could you sabotage that? 6. Vann Joines’ additional question: What will you do instead? © Vann S. Joines 6/18/19 76

A Transactional View of Contracting Versus a Game Client Therapist P P A A C C Game Contract © Vann S. Joines 6/18/19 77

Putting IT All Together Two Overviews © Vann S. Joines 6/18/19 78

Birth Parents I’m Okay – You’re Okay Injunctions Redecision Decision(s) (I and/or You are not okay) Racket Script Game Stamps Script© Payoff Vann S. Joines 6/18/19 79

Hope Versus Courage Hope Courage 100% Active Passive 98% Searching Exploring Pretending Being Real Monomania Enthusiasm and Commitment Waiting Patience Giving up Letting Go © Vann S. Joines 6/18/19 80

Where to Get More Information Stewart, I. & Joines, V. (2012). TA Today: A New Introduction to Transactional Analysis, 2 nd Ed. , Nottingham & Chapel Hill: Lifespace Publishing. Certification Training Program in Transactional Analysis and Redecision Therapy at the Southeast Institute for Group and Family Therapy, Chapel Hill, NC 27517 Website: www. seinstitute. com © Vann S. Joines 6/18/19 81