TRAINING SESSION RESEARCH METHODOLOGY TRAINER AREEB SALEEM CONTENTS
TRAINING SESSION: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY TRAINER: AREEB SALEEM
CONTENTS TO BE COVERED • Introduction to Research Methodology • Research Paradigm • Research Approach • Research Design • Data Collection Method • Data Analysis Method
INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH METHODOLOGY • The term ‘methodology’ • What contents does it cover? • How to make methodological choices? • Focus on justification rather than description
WHAT IS THIS DIAGRAM? • Looks like an onion segmented into layers • Exactly! This is what it is
RESEARCH PARADIGM • Epistemology, Ontology and Axiology • Epistemology Interpretivism and Positivism • Ontology Realism and Pragmatism
Ontology Epistemology • Positivism • Interpretivism • Realism • Pragmatism
POSITIVISM VS. INTERPRETIVISM • Based on numbers • Based on clinical/scientific testing • Generally used in quantitative studies • Based on texts and interpretations • Subjective meaning of a single phenomenon • Generally used in qualitative studies
RESEARCH APPROACH
RESEARCH APPROACH • Two types; Inductive and Deductive Approach
DEDUCTIVE VS. INDUCTIVE REASONING/APPROACH • Theory is picked • Hypothesis is derived • Observations/data is collected • Theory is verified or nullified • Observations/data is collected • Patterns are sorted to identify a clear direction • Hypothesis is formulated • Upon successful testing of hypothesis, theory is formed
RESEARCH DESIGN
TYPES OF RESEARCH DESIGN QUANTITATIVE DESIGN QUALITATIVE DESIGN MIXED DESIGN • Dealing in numbers • • • Numeric/statistical/financial information will be collected Deals in text/theoretical/contextual information Employs both quantitative and qualitative design • Data is available in the form of content written • Deals in both numbers and theoretical information • Comprehensively covers both the designs
RESEARCH DESIGN • Question: When to use what? • • • Depending upon the topic Some key words to identify what methodology is best suited Refer to previous studied
DATA COLLECTION
METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION • Primary Data Collection • First-Hand Data/New Data/Raw Data • • Survey Interviews Observations Experiments
METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION • Secondary Data Collection • • • Already available data Collected for another purpose and used for another Journal Articles Annual Reports News Articles
DATA ANALYSIS
DATA ANALYSIS • Dependent upon Research Design • Tools are different for both
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS • Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) • Microsoft Excel • Techniques: • • Descriptive Statistics Frequency Analysis Correlation Analysis Regression Analysis
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS • Thematic Analysis • Content Analysis
ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS
ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS • Anonymity • Confidentiality • Integrity • Informed Consent
TRAINING ACTIVITY • Group of 3 • Write each element (Paradigm, approach, design, data collection, data analysis) for the following topics: • • • Topic 1: Impact of motivation on employee performance Topic 2: Impact of advertising on brand loyalty Topic 3: The effect of social media recruitment on efficiency of workforce Topic 4: What impact does capital structure has on financial performance Topic 5: How Artificial Intelligence Impacts the future workplaces
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