Trade Routes in the Classical Era 600 BCE

Trade Routes in the Classical Era: 600 BCE - 600 CE Silk Roads Indian Ocean Routes Trans-Saharan Trade Routes

Methods of Transportation Arab-Indian Dhow (Indian Ocean) Desert Caravans Bactrian Camel (Central and East Asia) Dromedary-Arab Camel (North Africa and Middle East) Steppe Caravans

Teakwood statues Indianhow ship Spices Roman gold coins found In India

Eastern part of the ancient world accessible to travelers in the first century C. E.

Trans-Saharan and East African Trade Regions (pre-Islam) Goods include salt, iron tools, and gold From West Africa. ind W n oo Mo ns Mo NE Nomadic Pastoralists SW Bedouin ns oo n Berbers s W in ds Arab merchants “Swahili” is a reference to a later Bantu-Arabic hybrid language

The most famous of the trading routes established by pastoral nomads connecting the Chinese, Indian, Persian, and Mediterranean civilizations; transmitted goods and ideas among civilizations. China Rome Chang’an Antioch Parthia India

Chinese Technologies Introduced to the West via Silk Road • • • The cultural exchange between China and the West offered mutual benefits and achieved common progress – Arabs and Persians acted as “middle men” Merchant travelers and the stability of the Roman (Pax Romana) & Han empires greatly contributed to this movement. The Chinese Four Great Inventions Paper making, printing, gunpowder and compass …as well as the skills of Silkworm breeding and silk spinning were later transmitted to the West. Exotic Indian Spices intrigued the Romans love for food • Pepper, Nutmeg, and cinnamon all had great cultural and economic impact along the Silk Road and Indian Ocean routes. This greatly sped up the commercial and cultural development of the “known” world! Silk & Porcelain from China Coinage, wheat, oil, from Rome Spices & Cotton from India

? Consider your understanding of the major developments in world history by 100 c. e. Predict: What other impacts would trade routes have besides those relating to commercial expansion?

Diffusion of Art-Sculpture in the Greco-Roman Tradition Sabina, wife of the Roman Emperor Hadrian (136 CE) FROM Parthian (Persia) Noblewoman TO

Gandharan Buddha 1 st or 2 nd Century CE The ancient kingdom of Gandhara stretched across parts of present-day Afghanistan and Pakistan. Representation of the Buddha in the Greco-Buddhist art of Gandhara, 1 st century AD. Blend from spread of Hellenistic style of sculpture by Alexander’s empire to Bactria. For a time, Gandhara also was a jewel of Buddhist civilization. Scholars of Gandhara traveled east to India and China and were influential in the development of early Mahayana Buddhism.

The travels of the Chinese Buddhist monk Faxian 337? - 422? c. e. He left from the capital, Chang’an in 399 c. e. Then along Silk Roads to India and Southeast Asia before returning home.

Standing Buddha Northern Wei dynasty - China (386 – 534 CE) Of impressive size, this elegant Buddha Wear the three traditional garments of an Indian monk: An underskirt, an intermediate garment and a voluminous shawl. Evident signs of the diffusion of Buddhism From India to China via Silk Roads and Indian Ocean travels.

Christ the Savior (Pantokrator), a 6 th-century icon from Saint Catherine's Monastery, Mount Sinai (Egypt).

Spread of Chan (Mahayana) Buddhism Big Wild Goose Pagoda: regarded by many as a symbol of the city Xi’an (Chang’an), the pagoda was built in 652 C. E. in the Tang Dynasty to house the Buddhist sutras brought back from India by the famous monk Xuan-zang.

Diffusion of Hinduism and Buddhism to Southeast Asia through Indian Ocean Trade Temple to the Hindu God Shiva in Central Vietnam -4 th century CE A Buddha in Borobudur, (Java) Indonesia – 9 th century CE

Nestorian Christian priests in a procession on Palm Sunday, in a 7 th- or 8 th-century wall painting from a Nestorian church in China

Question: What impacts of Humanenvironmental interaction can still be predicted? Hint: The key to answering this, is the ability to analyze the question. (We mainly emphasized economic and cultural effects of these trade routes).

Biological Impact Along Eurasian and Indian Ocean Trade Routes • • • Plague from China Rice from East Asia Sugar from Southeast Asia Cotton from Mediterranean Bananas from Southeast Asia