Toxics Use Reduction Institute Five Chemical Alternatives Assessment

Toxics Use Reduction Institute Five Chemical Alternatives Assessment Study Liz Harriman Massachusetts Toxics Use Reduction Institute

Overview • TURI Mission • 5 Chemicals Alternatives Assessment Study – Overview • Study Process • Chemical Uses • Alternatives for Selected Uses

Massachusetts Toxics Use Reduction Institute • • MA Toxics Use Reduction Act 1989 Use Reporting TUR Planning Manufacturers and service industries – 10 employee and 10, 000/25, 000 lb threshold, except PBTs • TURA agencies: TURI, Office of Technical Assistance, and DEP

Massachusetts Toxics Use Reduction Institute • Mission: – Research, test and promote alternatives to toxic chemicals used in Massachusetts industries and communities – Provide resources and tools for a safer place to live and work – Promote economic competitiveness • Via research, training, technical support, networks, lab testing and information

TURI 5 Chemicals Alternatives Assessment Study • The Commonwealth of Mass. has requested that TURI assess the feasibility of adopting alternatives to 5 chemicals: – – – Lead Formaldehyde Perchloroethylene Hexavalent chromium di-(2 ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) • Final report due to legislature June 30, 2006

Legislative Request • For each substance: – Describe the significant uses in MA • Manufacturing • Products – Identify possible alternatives, proven and emergent, for selected uses • For each alternative chemical or technology, assess their potential to serve as substitutes for specific applications: – Technical feasibility – Economic feasibility – Environmental and occupational health & safety evaluation

Legislative Request • Economic Analysis – Study economic opportunities and impact on employment level and economic competitiveness of the Commonwealth as a result of adopting substitutes • The information available to us for specific alternatives is limited and often varies significantly by facility and application • Undertake survey of experts to discuss major factors influencing economic opportunities and impacts

TURI goals • Conduct an objective and scientific alternatives assessment • Be transparent and open • Get input from major stakeholders in Massachusetts • Produce results that will help companies and consumers make better decisions

TURI goals • Results will not – Advocate or state preference for any particular alternatives – Recommend bans or phase-outs of any chemicals or any uses of chemicals

How does the study relate to TURA? • Options Assessment – TUR Planners and the TURA Program have 15 years of experience researching, investigating and developing alternatives to the use of toxic chemicals • Methods for Assessment – TURI and UMass Lowell have researched and developed alternatives assessment methodologies – still striving to outline a practical, efficient, and sufficiently accurate tool for TUR Planners to assist in decision making

How does the study relate to TURA? • TUR in 2006 increasingly focuses on materials substitution – Economic competitiveness tied to: • International materials restrictions • Customer requirements – Elimination goals for PBTs – Much of the “low hanging fruit” has been picked – Consumer focus on toxics in products, body burden studies

Setting Priorities • Schedule and Budget require assessing a subset of chemical uses and alternatives • Focus on uses and alternatives where assessment results will be of most value • Stakeholder input used to select high priority uses and alternatives

5 Chemical Alternatives Assessment Study Process Overview Phase I Chemical Uses Select Priorities and Carry out Assessments Phase II Alternatives ID Phase III Alternatives Assessment Phase IV Prepare Report FY 2007 Phase V Wrap-up/Outreach

Identify Chemical Uses Perchloroethylene Formaldehyde Lead DEHP Hexavalent Chromium

Perc Use 2003 MA TURA Data

Perchloroethylene Use • Dry cleaning • Automotive aerosols – Brake, engine, tire • • Metal cleaning/degreasing Chemical maskant formulations Chemical intermediate (refrigerant mfr) Minor/historical uses: – Paint strippers, adhesives, inks, de-inking fluids, upholstery & carpet cleaners, sealants, metal polish, lube oils

Formaldehyde Use 2003 MA TURA Data

Formaldehyde Uses – Adhesives/Resins • Urea- Formaldehyde – particleboard, medium-density fiberboard, hardwood plywood and waferboard - Interior, non-structural applications • Phenol- Formaldehyde – plywood, softwood, oriented strand board, hardboard, molded wood, particleboard, most commonly used for exterior waterproof applications • Melamine-Formaldehyde – decorative surface laminants, moisture resistant panels, cabinetry, dishware • • • Decorative laminants (plastics, computer monitors) Insulation Glass fiber roofing mats Paper products (wallpaper, wet strength additives) Paint

Formaldehyde Uses (cont. ) • Permanent press textile coatings • Flame retardant textile coatings (cross-linking agent) • Electroless copper • Disinfectant/Sterilant • Preservative for – Tissue Preservation – Embalming – Cosmetics/Personal Care (nail finish, hardener) – Cleaning Products

DEHP Use 2003 MA TURA Data

Major DEHP Uses • Plasticizer in PVC – Medical Devices • Sheet Uses (e. g. , Blood Bags) • Tubing (e. g. , IV tubing) – Resilient Flooring – Vinyl Wall Coverings – Toys, footwear, vinyl shower curtains – Food Packaging Films – Upholstery, textile coatings – Wire and Cable coatings

DEHP Uses • • Al Foil Coating/Laminate Paper Coating Extrudable Molds and Profiles Printing Inks Paints/Lacquers Adhesives/Coatings Minor uses – Vacuum pump oil, Roofing, Cosmetics, Pesticides, Ceramics

Chromium and Compounds Use* 2003 MA TURA Data *Chromium and compounds reporting category includes Cr+6

Major Hexavalent Chromium Uses • Alloys (Welding, Grinding, etc. ) – Steel Alloys (tool steel and stainless steel) – Non-ferrous alloys (Cr-Ni, Co-Cr, Cr-Mo) – Superalloys – Cast iron alloys • Electroplating – Hard chrome electroplating – Decorative chrome electroplating – Black chromium electroplating

Major Hexavalent Chromium Uses • Coatings – Chromate conversion anti-corrosion coatings – Metal films – Adhesion coatings • Colorants/Pigments - for paints, inks, plastics (yellow, orange, red, green) • Dyes -Textile dyes and mordant/fixative • Wood preservative, chromated copper arsenate • Other: leather tanning, refractories, byproduct of combustion

Lead Use 2003 MA TURA Data Major Use Category TURA Total Use (2003) Pounds Number of Filers PVC/Rubber 42. 4% 3, 955, 938 39 Waste Combustors 28. 3% 2, 642, 987 4 Waste Management 14. 9% 1, 395, 219 4 Pigments 2. 3% 211, 596 4 Metal Finishing 2. 2% 201, 130 14 Casting/Extrusion 2. 0% 190, 223 17 Electronics 2. 0% 186, 434 59 Glass 1. 7% 162, 137 10 Sheet Lead 1. 7% 157, 197 3 Power Generation 1. 3% 122, 861 7 Ceramics 0. 6% 58, 212 3 Miscellaneous 0. 3% 28, 490 40 Ammunition 0. 1% 13, 782 1 Concrete/Stone 0. 1% 10, 564 19 Batteries 0. 0% 0 0 100. 0% 9, 336, 770 224 Totals:

Major Lead Uses • Sheet lead (building construction, medical radiation shielding, etc. ) • • • Ammunition Heat Stabilizer in PVC and Rubber Electronics (solder, surface and lead finish, etc. ) Casting/Extrusion (e. g. , weights, jewelry) Metal finishing

Major Lead Uses • • • Pigments Glass Batteries Concrete (present in fly ash and minerals) Ceramics Power generation and waste combustors (present in solid waste and fossil fuels)

Prioritize Chemical Uses • Importance to Massachusetts – Manufacturing – Consumer Products • Availability of Alternatives • Exposure potential • Stakeholder Issues • Other

High Priority Chemical Uses • Perchloroethylene § Garment cleaning § Automotive aerosols (brake, engine, tire cleaners) § Vapor degreasing • Formaldehyde § Adhesives/resins for manufactured wood panels § Barber/beauty sanitizers § Preserved school laboratory specimen fixatives

High Priority Chemical Uses • DEHP § Medical devices used in neonatal and infant care § Resilient flooring § Vinyl wall coverings • Lead § PVC heat stabilizers for wire and cable coatings § Weighting: wheel weights and fishing tackle § Ammunition for shooting ranges

High Priority Chemical Uses • Hexavalent Chromium § Hard chrome plating § Decorative chrome plating § Chromate conversion coatings

Phase II – Chemical Alternatives & Screening • Identify Alternatives • Screen Alternatives • Consider Stakeholder Input • Prioritize Alternatives

Identify Alternatives • Existing and Emerging Alternatives – Drop-in Chemical Substitutes – Material Substitutes – Changes in Manufacturing Operations – Changes to Component/Product Design – Other Technological Solutions

Screen Alternatives • TURA Science Advisory Board More Hazardous Chemicals • Persistence, Bioaccumulativity, Toxicity • Carcinogenicity

Prioritize Alternatives • • Performance Availability Manufacturing Location Environmental, Health and Safety Cost Global Market Effect Representative of a class of alternatives

Alternatives Selected for Study • Chemical, materials and technological alternatives selected • Some specific alternatives chosen as representative of a class of alternatives

Lead – Uses and Alternatives Heat Stabilizers – PVC Wire and Cable • • • Mixed metal: Ca-, Ba-, Mg-Zn Magnesium aluminum hydroxide carbonate hydrate Magnesium zinc aluminum hydroxide carbonate Handgun Ammunition • • • Bismuth (bismuth with copper, polyethylene or zinc jacket) Copper (sintered copper powder with tin, copper with polymer) Iron (iron powder with copper) Tungsten (tungsten and copper powder in nylon matrix, and tungsten with tin) Zinc (zinc powder and zinc wire with jacket) Wheel Weights • • • Copper Polypropylene (PP with chalk filler, and PP cartridge with steel media) Steel Tin Zinc and zinc/copper/aluminum alloy (ZAMA) Fishing Sinkers • • • Bismuth Steel Tin Tungsten Ceramic

Perc – Uses and Alternatives Garment Cleaning • • • Hydrocarbon (Exxon Mobil DF-2000) Aliphatic glycol ethers (Rynex) Siloxane (Green Earth) Wet cleaning w/ detergent (DWX 44 – Icy Water and Green Jet) Liquid CO 2 Automotive Aerosols (Tire, brake and engine cleaners - external and internal) • • Vapor Degreasing • • • N-propyl bromide (Ensolv) Volatile methyl siloxane (Dow OS 10) HFCs (Micro Care Flux Remover C) HFCs (Dupont Vertrel MCA azeotrope of Vertrel® XF hydrofluorocarbon (2, 3 dihydrodecafluoropentane) with trans -1, 2 -dichloroethylene. Water based cleaning • • • Water and detergent Silicone Glycol ethers Hydrocarbon (hydrotreated light petroleum distillates; medium aliphatic petroleum solvent) Toluene-based Heptane-based Citrus based terpene (d-limonene)

Formaldehyde – Uses and Alternatives Architectural Panel • • Wood plywood panels (Purebond) and by Columbia Forest Products (soy adhesive binder) Recycled paper-based panels made by Homasote (paraffin wax binder) Wood fiber-Portland Cement panels made by Viroc Plastic-wood composite panels by JER Envirotech Salon and Barber drawer sanitizers • • Process change to eliminate use of paraformaldehyde “Steri-dri” sterilants UV sterilization chamber Education Specimen Fixatives and Preservatives • • Specimens in Formalternate (Propylene Glycol, Ethylene Glycol Phenyl Ether, and Phenol) Specimens in WARD’S Formaldehyde-Free Preserved Specimens (may contain gluteraldehyde, phenol, propylene glycol, ethylene glycol pheyl either, dietheylene glycol phenyl ether, or acetone) Specimens in STF Preservative by Nebraska Scientific (diazolidinyl urea, 2 -bromo-2 -nitropropane-1, 2 diol, zinc sulfate, sodium citrate) Virtual/Video dissection

DEHP – Uses and Alternatives Resilient Flooring • • DOTP, di 2 -ethylhexyl terephthalate DGD, dipropylene glycol dibenzoate DINP, di (isononyl) phthalate Natural linoleum Cork Polyolefin Medical Devices Bag/Sheet Applications • • TOTM, tri-2 -ethylhexyl trimellitate DEHA, di (ethylhexyl) adipate BTHC, butyryl trihexyl citrate DINCH, di (isononyl) cyclohexane 1, 2 -dicarboxylate EVA Polyethylene Glass Medical Devices: Tubing Applications • • • TOTM DEHA BTHC DINCH Silicone Polyurethane Vinyl Wall Coverings • • • DINP DEHA Glass woven textiles (Textra) Wood fiber/Polyester (Allegory by Innovations) Polyester/cellulose blends (Duraprene, Enspire and Moment)

Hex Cr – Uses and Alternatives Zinc galvanized steel passivation Hard Chrome Electroplating • • • Molybdates / Moly-white Trivalent chromium compounds Mineral tie-coat • Decorative Chrome Electroplating • • • Trivalent chromium plating baths Low temperature arc vapor deposition of Trivalent chromium • Trivalent chromium plating baths Thermal sprays: high velocity oxyfuel and plasma sprays Weld facing methods and micro-arc welding Heat treatments and plasma nitriding Laser modification, alloying and coating Electrodeposited nanocrystalline coatings Vapor deposition methods

Stay Tuned • Go to our website (www. turi. org) and click on “ 5 Chemicals Alternatives Assessment Study” under “New at TURI” • The final report will be posted on our website this summer • Liz Harriman – Harriman@turi. org