TOXICOLOGY DRUGS DRUGS NATURAL OR SYNTHETIC SUBSTANCES USED
TOXICOLOGY DRUGS
DRUGS • NATURAL OR SYNTHETIC SUBSTANCES • USED TO PRODUCE PSYCHOLOGICAL OR PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
Psychological dependence
Psychological Dependence Drug is used to fulfill EMOTIONAL needs - Cope with life - To feel more comfortable in social settings CRACK is the most PSYCHOLOGICALLY addictive
Physical Dependence
Physical Dependence • Physical dependence means the body gets used to the drug, it needs more and more of it to accomplish the same effect. • Finally, the drug is merely used to counteract the withdrawal symptoms that appear when no drugs are being taken. Perspiring, feeling cold, goose flesh/pimples (cold turkey), running nose, stomach cramps, aching muscles, diarrhea.
DRUGS • NECESSARY TO SUSTAIN AND PROLONG LIFE EXAMPLES: • INSULIN • AIDS DRUGS
DRUGS • • AS AN ESCAPE
DRUGS AS A WAY TO END LIFE LEGAL EUTHANASIA: IN US OREGON NETHERLANDS, BELGIUM SWITZERLAND
Narcotics Substances that reduce or relieve pain and induce sleep
Heroin Derived from morphine which is obtained from the opium poppy
Street Names: “dope” “smack” “China white” “Cheese” “Black Tar”
How used: • Mainlining: injecting into a vein or muscle • Smoked (mixed with marijuana in a joint) • Snorted as a powder
Short-term Effects » SLOWS DOWN
Euphoria
Clouds Mental Function
Long-Term Effects Most physically Addictive drug
Chronic use Heart Infections liver disease Heroin tolerance
CODEINE • Prepared synthetically from MORPHINE • 1/6 as strong as morphine
Methadone synthetic opiate Used to treat heroin addiction
Propoxyphene (Darvon) Pain Reliever 1 of top 10 drugs found in bodies at autopsy
Oxycontin – – acetaminophen (tylenol) and oxycodone – used to treat severe pain – – – tablets crushed & ingested or dissolved in water and injected
SHORT-TERM EFFECTS OF OXYCONTIN • “RUSH” SIMILAR TO HEROIN • RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION • CONSTIPATION, NAUSEA, VOMITING • CARDIAC ARREST • SEVERE WITHDRAWAL (“FLU x 1000”- 2 WKS)
Depressants
Barbiturates Relax and produce sleep
“Barbs” “Yellow Jackets” “Blue Devils” “Reds” Fast-acting barbiturates are the most commonly abused : Secobarbital, Pentobarbital, Amobarbital
1/3 of all Drug-related deaths
Short-term Effects • Relaxes • Impairment of higher thinking • Induces sleep
Long-term Effects of Barbiturates Withdrawal: • • • Insomnia Muscle spasms Delirium Convulsions Can lead to death
Methaqualone • Quaaludes “Ludes” • Non-barbiturate depressant • Powerful sedative & muscle relaxant
Tranquilizers • Depressants that relax • Proper dosage does not impair
Ketamine – • Veterinarian anesthesia “Special K” “Vitamin K” new ecstasy
Ketamine Hallucinogenatory effects: -Euphoria -Delirium -Amnesia -High blood pressure Higher doses can stop breathing-DEATH Mixed in drinks As a powder–snorted
“K-HOLE” • NO PAIN • HALLUCINOGEN • COMA
GHB “Liquid X” “G” “Liquid E”
GHB IS MADE OF: A CNS DEPRESSANT
GHB: DATE-RAPE DRUG • COLORLESS • ODORLESS • SLIGHT, BITTER TASTE • DISSOLVES IN WATER
GHB: Short-term Effects • • Drowsiness Vomiting Delusions Depression Amnesia Coma Death Increasing dosages
GHB: Long-term Effects • Physically addictive • unknown
“Roofies” Tasteless Odorless Dissolves in water Used crushed Also Legal in 60 countries …. not in U. S.
Rohypnol: Short-term Effects Sedative Hypnotic effect Muscle relaxant Amnesia At higher dosages: respiratory depression With alcohol: no memory COMA
HUFFING: INHALANT ABUSE • RAG IS SOAKED IN INHALANT AND PLACED IN MOUTH. THE INHALANT VAPORIZES AND GOES TO THE LUNGS, THEN TO THE BRAIN • COMMON HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTS • ONLY TYPE OF DRUG ABUSE MORE COMMON IN YOUNGER CHILDREN THAN IN TEENS
GLUE-SNIFFING USUALLY TOLUENE SHORT-TERM EFFECTS: Exhilaration, euphoria, slurred Speech, impaired judgement, Double vision LONG-TERM EFFECTS: Liver, heart, brain damage DEATH
LEGAL STIMULANTS SPEEDS UP CNS
AMPHETAMINES • SYNTHETIC STIMULANTS • “UPPERS” • “SPEED”
THE NAZIS USED AMPHETAMINES SO TROOPS WOULD NOT NEED SLEEP WORLD WAR II SOLDIERS USED AMPHETAMINES TO STAY AWAKE
METHAMPHETAMINES “ICE” “CRANK” “METH” “SPEED”
METHAMPHETAMINES • Powerful stimulant • Taken orally, injected, snorted, or smoked • Use is on rise because it is mixed with Ecstacy
Meth: Short-term Effects Increased energy Decrease in appetite Euphoria Irritability Aggression Then EXHAUSTION and DEPRESSION Decrease in Heart and Breathing Rates
Violent, destructive behavior Hallucinations Acute psychosis Delusions “Meth Mites”
Your Brain on Meth. . • Healthy Brain SPECTscan – shows blood flow to brain Meth Brain Effects Similar to Stroke or Alzheimers
Meth: Long-term Effects
• Can overdose on Meth
COCAINE/CRACK (“WHITE COLLAR”) (“BLUE COLLAR”) “SNOW” “COKE”
FROM COCA PLANT
COCAINE: Snorted or dissolved in water And then injected CRACK: smoked or snorted
SHORT-TERM EFFECTS Extreme euphoria
COCAINE: SHORT-TERM EFFECTS • • • Increased Body Temperature Increased Heart Rate Increased Blood Pressure Imsomnia Loss of appetite CARDIAC ARREST/RESPIRATORY FAILURE
LONG-TERM EFFECTS • PARANOIA • AGGRESSION • STRONGEST PSYCHOLOGICALLY -ADDICTIVE DRUG
STIMULANTS: RITALIN • Abused by crushing &snorting OR • Injected like heroin • euphoria
RITALIN: SHORT-TERM EFFECTS SIMILAR TO COCAINE • • • Increased Body Temperature Increased Heart Rate Increased Blood Pressure Imsomnia Loss of appetite CARDIAC ARREST/RESPIRATORY FAILURE
LONG-TERM EFFECTS Irregular heartbeat & breathing Anxiety Paranoia Hallucinations Delusions
HALLUCINOGENS AFFECTS MOODS ATTITUDES PERCEPTION
MARIJUANA ACTIVE INGREDIENT: Tetra. Hydro. Cannabinol - THC Short-term Effects: Distorted perception Problems with memory and learning
MARIJUANA: LONG-TERM EFFECTS • HIGHER CONCENTRATION THAN TOBACCO OF CANCERCAUSING COMPOUNDS • STRONG PSYCHOLOGICAL DEPENDENCY
Changes in brains similar to those of long-term heroin, cocaine, or alcohol users
Is Marijuana a GATEWAY DRUG?
• Koob, M. D. , of the Scripps Research Institute says that studies of long-term exposure to cannabinoids, the active ingredient in marijuana, suggest that addiction to one drug could make a person vulnerable to abuse and addiction to other drugs. Cannabis abuse, he says, appears to activate corticotropin-releasing factor, a brain chemical that increases during periods of stress. Consequently, Koob says, this could "lead to a subtle disruption of brain processes that are then 'primed' for further and easier disruption by other drugs of abuse. " George
• Critics of the idea note that even if people who use cocaine started with marijuana, it is not clear that the marijuana use caused or encouraged the cocaine use: The person may simply have encountered marijuana first, and/or is the sort of person more inclined than others to experiment with a variety of illegal drugs. Fewer than one percent of marijuana users go on to become cocaine addicts.
MEDICINAL USE OF MARIJUANA TREATING GLAUCOMA
TREATING NAUSEA FROM CHEMOTHERAPY
LSD “ACID” -Produced from ergot – a fungus -First synthesized in 1938 by Dr. Albert Hoffman
LSD: Short-term Effects • Hallucinations • Alters mood • Distorts reality • Increases Heart Rate
LSD: Long-Term Effects FLASHBACKS PSYCHOTIC REACTIONS (LOSS OF CONTACT WITH REALITY)
PCP: PHENCYLIDINE • INTRAVENOUS ANASTETIC • “ANGEL DUST” “KILLER WEED” • SNORTED, SMOKED, OR INGESTED • Often used as an additive to marijuana, LSD, or methamphetamine
PCP: Short-Term Effects • Increased breathing rate, blood pressure, and pulse rate • High doses: vomiting, nausea • Aggressive behavior • violence • inability to feel pain
PCP: Long-term Effects • • Memory loss Speech difficulties Depression Mixing PCP with alcohol or other depressants can lead to coma or death
ECSTASY • • MDMA A synthetic drug Tablet form “Adam” “Bean” “E” “XTC”
Ecstacy: Short-Term Effects • • • Increase in REM EXCESSIVE energy FIRST EFFECTS Euphoria Serotonin high Pschological effects: confusion, depression, anxiety, paranoia • Physical Effects: nausea, blurred vision, HIGH BODY TEMPERATURES (104 -1150 F), DEHYDRATION, INCREASED HEART RATE, HYDRATION
ECSTASY: Long-Term Effects • Permanent damage to neurons that release serotonin • Memory impairment • Kidney damage • Permanent brain damage • May develop addiction to HEROIN because it is often laced into Ecstacy
ANABOLIC STEROIDS SYNTHETIC–RELATED TO TEST 0 STERONE INGESTED OR TOPICAL
TESTOSTERONE: • ACCELERATED MUSCLE GROWTH SHORT-TERM • SECONDARY MALE EFFECTS CHARACTERISTICS • MASCULIZING EFFECTS ON FEMALES • DIMINISHED SEX DRIVE IN MALES • UNPROVOKED ANGER AND DESTRUCTIVE BEHAVIOR
ANABOLIC STEROIDS: LONG-TERM EFFECTS • LIVER DISEASES • LIVER CANCER • FEMINIZATION OF MALES
XENADRINE RFA-1: A DIETARY SUPPLEMENT • COMPOSED OF CAFFEINE AND EPHEDRA • TABLETS ARE INGESTED • SHORT-TERM EFFECTS: Increases blood pressure and heart rate, insomnia, increases METABOLISM
LONG-TERM EFFECTS
DRUG CONTROL LAWS THE CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE ACT OF 1970: DRUGS CLASSIFIED BY: 1. POTENTIAL FOR ABUSE 2. PHYSIOLOGICAL OR PSYCHOLOGICAL DEPENDENCE 3. MEDICAL VALUE
SCHEDULE 1 DRUGS: • High potential for abuse • High potential for physiological and/or psychological dependence • No medical value SCHEDULE 1 DRUGS: HEROIN, MARIJUANA, LSD, METHQUOLENE
SCHEDULE 2 DRUGS: • High potential for abuse • Potential for physiological and/or psychological dependence • ACCEPTED medical value • SCHEDULE 2 DRUGS: AMPETAMINES, COCAINE, METHODONE, PCP, and most BARBITURATES (amobarbital, secobarbital, pentobarbital) and DRONABINOL(A SYNTHETIC EQUIVALENT OF THC – TREATING GLAUCOMA AND EFFECTS OF CHEMOTHERAPY)
SCHEDULE 3 DRUGS: • LESS potential for abuse • LOW TO MODERATE potential for physiological • HIGH psychological dependence • Medical use in US SCHEDULE 3 DRUGS: ALL BARBITURATES(EXCEPT PHENOBARBITOL) NOT COVERED IN SCHEDULE 2 , CODEINE, AND ANABOLIC STEROIDS
SCHEDULE 4 DRUGS: • LOW potential for abuse • LIMITED potential for physiological and or psychological dependence • Medical use in US SCHEDULE 4 DRUGS: PHENOBARBITOL, DARVON, VALIUM
SCHEDULE 5 DRUGS: • LOW potential for abuse • LOW potential for physiological and or psychological dependence • Medical use in US SCHEDULE 5 DRUGS: NON-NARCOTIC MEDICINES
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