Towards Seamless Navigation Ari Virtanen Sami Koskinen VTT

Towards Seamless Navigation Ari Virtanen, Sami Koskinen VTT Industrial Systems P. O. Box 1302, 33101 Tampere Finland ari. virtanen@vtt. fi, sami. koskinen@vtt. fi

VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND Introduction • Seamless transition between navigation modes and services for example from car mode pedestrian mode indoor mode • Switching between positioning systems • Switching between navigation applications Mobile. Venue ‘ 04 Athens, Greece

VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND Outdoor positioning • GALILEO doubles number of satellites in • Receiver sensitivity is increasing space and is designed for use in Europe • Power consumption is decreasing • GPS future improvements like transmission power increase • Assistive technologies will improve availability (AGPS, Pseudolites) • E 911 regulation drives integration of GPS receivers into a cell phones • Receivers become smaller and cheaper • Navigation applications will have more potential customers • Fast Time To First Fix -time is essential in pedestrian applications • Patch antennas are not very suitable for pedestrian GPS receivers If satellite positioning become available indoors interest for other indoor positioning methods will decrease Mobile. Venue ‘ 04 Athens, Greece

VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND Indoor positioning • Several technologies is proposed, accuracies vary from millimeters to tens of meters • Positioning technology need infrastructure investments, which must be profitable • Technologies that can offer other functions than positioning, such as data transfer, are the most potential candidates • Wireless lan and Bluetooth fulfil this requirement • Cell phone positioning is too coarse at even outdoor navigation Mobile. Venue ‘ 04 Athens, Greece • Other problems • lack of suitable terminals • lack of positioning method standardisation • complicated establishment of connection • detection of the presence of the positioning service in unknown environment

VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND Wireless LAN positioning · Positioning based on signal strenghts (RSSI) and triangulation or Cell ID · Standard RSSI API and normalized RSSI values needed for compatibility reasons for wlan cards · Positioning engine is manufacturer specific company specific code is needed in the terminal. · Typical LAN has too few base stations for triangulation · Large cell sizes for Cell ID · Lack of wlan enabled mobile phones Mobile. Venue ‘ 04 Athens, Greece

VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND Bluetooth positioning • Lot of Bluetooth enabled cell phones on the market • Connection to auxiliary positioning devices like GPS, compass or pedometer • Local Positioning (LP) profile deals data exchange protocol, not positioning system architecture • LP profile propose that terminal side take the initiative of connection for the privacy reasons. • Continuous inquiring consumes lot of power • Long connection time (n*1. 2 s inquiry period + connection time) • RSSI is not distance correlated, triangulation is difficult • Coordinates received form another Bluetooth device may be incorrect or outdated Mobile. Venue ‘ 04 Athens, Greece

VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND Seamless positioning • Selection of the best available positioning information • Comparison requires same datum and error model • Heuristic assumption that the mean of the coordinates is not the best solution • In practise situations where more than two positioning results is available is theoretical • GPS - wlan or GPS - Bluetooth • Application independent positioning API needed at operating system level • Geocoding requires databases Mobile. Venue ‘ 04 Athens, Greece

VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND Positioning demo implementation • Hardware • Compaq i. Paq • Digianswer Bluetooth card • Nokia D 211 wlan/gprs card • Positioning systems • Garmin XL 12 GPS receiver • Bluetooth positioning (VTT) • Wlan positioning (Ekahau) • GSM positioning (Radiolinja) Mobile. Venue ‘ 04 Athens, Greece

VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND Positioning fusion • Check availability • Read time, coordinates and error estimate • Check validity • Calculate vote kn: • Select Mobile. Venue ‘ 04 Athens, Greece

VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND Local area maps • Areas with dynamic information, more details and smaller map scale • Densely built outdoor areas: city centers, exhibition grounds, amusement parks. . . • Indoors: Commercial centers, airports, train stations, museums. . . • Navigation and guidance, search for area/building service database • Targeted for mobile users; use in personal navigation, fire and rescue services, industry, maintenance, guarding, cleaning etc. Mobile. Venue ‘ 04 Athens, Greece

VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND Map creation • Owner or operator of the target produces • Easy-to-use tools • Multipurpose result Mobile. Venue ‘ 04 Athens, Greece

VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND Map distribution and usage • Distributed creation, distributed delivery • Specialised map servers • Part of the target www-pages • Search by location name, address, coordinates or particular service • Application is responsible for user interface • Different user groups need different information (general public, special groups, maintenance, rescue) Mobile. Venue ‘ 04 Athens, Greece

VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND Conclusions • Seamless navigation is possible, but several problems need to be solved • Local area map standardisation, creation and distribution methods • Indoor positioning development towards GPS usability: standardisation, methods and service detection. • Indoor positioning should be based on technologies which have data transfer as primary function for financial reasons. • If satellite positioning become available indoors, it replaces the other indoor positioning technologies. • Positioning and network connection interdependence must taken account when indoor navigation service is designed. • Datum and error models are very important • Geocoding is matter of navigation application, not the positioning system. Mobile. Venue ‘ 04 Athens, Greece