Totalitarianism Nationalism in India and Southwest Asia 30

Totalitarianism

Nationalism in India and Southwest Asia 30. 4 Revolutions both peaceful and violent

USSR under Stalin • Wanted to create a police state • The Great Purge- 1937 Stalin tried to eliminate anyone who threatened his power. Responsible for 8 -13 million deaths during the Great Purge. • The Government controlled all media, education, and religion. Tried to replace religion with Communist teachings.

Stalin controls the economy • Command Economy. The government makes all the decisions. • The Five Year Plan- In five years Stalin wanted Russia to catch up with the rest of the world in production of goods…. at the expense of the people (food, clothing, housing, ect)

Agricultural Revolution • Collective Farms- Hundreds of families worked on large farms to make food for the country. • 5 -10 million die under protest and starvation.

Daily Life under Stalin • Citizens were better educated and more skilled • Citizens also lost personal freedoms and severe shortages of everyday goods such as food. • Women had greater rights (became doctors, factory workers, ect. . ) However, they were also expected to do all of the household chores as well.

Imperial China Collapses • Qing Dynasty falls in 1911 (had ruled since 1644). • Sun Yixian- becomes the first president of the Republic of China. • Things did not go well and then WWI broke out. China joined the allies, hoping to get lands back from Germany……However, the Versailles Treaty gave the land to Japan and demonstrations broke out in China.

China’s Greatest Revolutionary Leader Emerges • Mao Zedong- he was an assistant librarian at Beijing University. • Wanted communism for China. • Chinese Civil War breaks out- The communists under Zedong were outnumbered 700, 000 to 100, 000. They were forced into The Long March- a six thousand mile march; many died along the way.

Jiang Jieshi and the Nationalists • • • Greatly outnumbered the Communists Promised democracy and civil rights Had many Communists killed First President of the Nationalist Party in China Forced Mao and the Communists to abandon their capital and flee to the mountains.

The Long March

Civil War Suspended In 1931 Japan watched as China fought each other in civil war. Japan invades Manchuria China and takes over the industry there. By 1938 Japan controlled most of China. Truce between the Communists and the Nationalists…. however, they still battled until 1949.

Indian Nationalism Grows

India under British Rule • Two groups wanted to gain control from the British: The Hindu Indian National Congress (Congress Party) and the Muslim League. • During WWI over 1 million Indians enlisted to fight for the British. They were promised reforms which would lead to self government…. they did not get those promises.

Violence • The Indians became violent and wanted the promised reforms. • In response the British passed the Rowlatt Actslaws allowed the government to jail protesters without trial for as long as two years. • Amristar Massacre- to protest the acts 10, 000 Indians held festivals in Punjab in an enclosed area behind the walls of the city. British soldiers fired on the crowd killing over 400 and wounding over 1200!

Gandhi preachers non-violence • After the massacre, millions of Indians were now in favor of self-rule • Mohandas Gandhi- emerges as the leader of the independence movement. The “Great Soul” endorsed non-violent protest. • Civil Disobedience- deliberate refusal to obey an unjust law • Boycotts used to put a strain on the British economy…. Gandhi even spent two hours/day weaving his own clothes! • Strikes and Demonstrations- closed factories, ect.

The Great Salt March • The British passed laws that Indians could only buy salt from them at a high tax. • Gandhi and his followers walked 240 miles to the coast where they began to get salt from evaporated sea water; in protest of the British. • *Read page 889 • 60, 000 people including Gandhi were arrested.

Limited Self-Rule. Who will rule India? Muslim • Outnumbered by the Hindus • Muslim League • 100 million strong after WWII Hindu • Over 350 million after WWII • Battles are still raging. • Indian independence (full) in 1947. • Chapter 34

Nationalism in Southwest Asia Ottoman Empire 1914 After WWI

Turkey, Iran, Saudi Arabia Turkey, Iran • Republic of Turkey; first republic in Southwest Asia • Laws that separated the laws of Islam from the laws of the country • Persia becomes Iran • Built roads, schools, gave women more rights • • Saudi Arabia Held strictly to Islamic Law. Brought in some modern technology, but, resisted modernization because of religion. Oil drove industry in the region. Geologists later discovered that 2/3 of the worlds oil reserves were located around the Persian Gulf.

Oil and Petroleum Because of oil and petroleum products many nations still wanted to control Southwest Asia.