TOTALITARIAN DICTATORS Mussolini Hitler Lenin Stalin Totalitarianism Definition
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TOTALITARIAN DICTATORS Mussolini, Hitler, Lenin, Stalin
Totalitarianism- Definition System in which a government seeks total control of its citizen’s lives Favors security and state power over individual freedoms and thought All aspects of life are controlled by a repressive government
Totalitarianism- Characteristics Glorification of the State Control One-Party Rule Charismatic, Authoritarian Rulers Control of Media Police Terror Demonization of the “enemy”
Lenin and Stalin’s Soviet Union
USSR under Lenin Oppositions parties outlawed Secret Police (Cheka) instill fear New Economic Policy after failures � Lenin’s capitalist compromises to fix economy Farmers allowed to sell surplus crops Free small industry Invites foreign investment But what happens to Lenin?
Joseph Stalin Becomes secretary of the Central Committee Ruthlessly uses contacts to assume power Takes over after Lenin’s death 1924 � Forces Leon Trotsky into exile
5 Year Plans 1928, 1933 Stalin’s plans to build Soviet industry � Impose central planning � Catch up to western industry Set high quotas, slave labor of prisoners, limited consumer goods Makes substantial improvements in industry at expense of consumer
Collectivization Government seizure of farm land Peasants forced onto large government farms � Many resist 5 -10 million dead of starvation
State Control NKVD- Stalin’s secret police Gulags- Government labor camps Pravda- State run newspaper Indoctrination used to build up reverence for Stalin Suppress religion and free thought
Great Purge 1934 -1938 Stalin’s persecution of old Bolsheviks who threatened his power 8 -13 million killed after show trials
Mussolini’s Italy
First Example of Fascism Political movement following WWI that stressed: � Extreme Nationalism � Authoritarian Leadership � State Supremacy One Party Rule Lack of Individual Rights
Benito Mussolini Militant, Nationalist, Anti-Communist, news editor Starts the Fascist party 1921 � The “Black Shirts, ” gangs of fascist thugs terrorize socialists Takes power during postwar struggles � After Socialists win parliamentary seats leading to class tension in Italy, appealing to desire for order and protection
Rise to Power Takes power during postwar struggles � After Socialists win parliamentary seats leading to class tension in Italy, appealing to desire for order and protection Fascist march on Rome 10/1922 � King Victor Emmanuel III asks Mussolini to form government, rule as Prime Minister
Fascist Italy Change election law to give Fascists full control � Then pass laws giving Mussolini power, dissolving opposition parties � Mussolini takes title of “Il Duce, ” “the leader” Ends free press, labor unions Corporatism- creates group of business leaders who manage economy Encourages women to stay home, have children, abolishes divorce Never a real totalitarian state
Lateran Accords 1929 Deal with Catholic Church � Gives Pope autonomy in Vatican City & cash � Pope recognizes Italy and Mussolini
Hitler’s Germany
Nazism “National Socialism” Extreme Nationalism, Racism Authoritarian Leadership Modified socialism Call for repudiation of Versailles Treaty, Unification of Germany and Austria, Exclusion of Jews, end of Weimar Republic
Adolf Hitler Austrian artist, WWI vet (Germany) Becomes “Der Fuhrer” (the leader) of Nazi Party after WWI
Rise to Power Nazis form the SA (The Brown Shirts), Nazi thugs to harass opponents Appeal to lower middle class during economic troubles, blame Versailles and Weimar Failed Beer Hall Putsch (1923) � Short prison sentence, writes Mein Kampf
Rise to Power Weimar is paralyzed by weak coalition governments and Great Depression Hitler named Chancellor by President Hindenburg � Hope to manipulate Hitler and his voter appeal Fire set at Reichstag building, Nazis blame communists, jail many � Calls on Right wing parties to join the Nazis � Win in Reichstag elections
Rise to Power The Enabling Act- gives dictatorial powers to Hitler “Night of Long Knives”- Hitler eliminates Brown Shirts (SA) who may not be loyal � Uses new secret police force, The Gestapo and personal bodyguards, The SS Conducts plebiscite to show public approval
Nazi Germany Military swears allegiance to Hitler personally Schools, youth groups used for indoctrination � Dissenting books burned, degenerate art destroyed � Huge propaganda campaigns, staged rallies Rearms German military � Creates jobs and industries, defies Versailles treaty � Britain and France do nothing Massive public works projects � Ex: The Autobahn
Anti-Semitism Nazis blame Jews for loss in WWI and economic troubles � Lead boycotts of Jewish owned stores “Nuremburg Laws” (1935) strip Jews of citizenship Kristallnacht (1938): night of organized violence against Jews
Hitler’s Foreign Policy Demands return of Saar Coal mines, Polish Corridor, the Rhineland Desires conquest of “Lebensbraum, ” living space for the Aryan “master race”
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