Topics Origin and adaptive superiority of vascular system

Topics Origin and adaptive superiority of vascular system, seed and flower Lycophytes – Club mosses Pteridophytes – Ferns and allies – one phylum Gymnosperms – four phyla Angiosperms – one phylum – most plants

Seedless Vascular Plants Club ‘mosses’ (Lycopodiophyta) and Ferns (Pteridophyta) – two clades • Vascular tissue - large size - strength - lignin sporophytic dominance Kingdom – Plantae Ch. 27. p. 568 -569.

Pteridophyta - Life Cycle Kingdom – Plantae Ch. 27. p. 573.

plant life cycles compared I – the homosporous life cycle (nonvascular plants, most seedless vascular plants) released and disseminated spore growth by mitosis meiosis gametophyte haploid sporangium mature sporophyte diploid archegonia antheridia egg growth by mitosis sperm embryo zygote fertilization

Seed Kingdom – Plantae Ch. 28, p. 578 -580. • Develops from – Fertilized ovule (Ovule = Megasporangium covered by integument) • Consists of – Embryonic sporophyte – Nutritive tissue – Protective coat Seeds covered in ovary (fruit) – Angiosperms not covered in ovary but on open scales of cones – no fruit – Gymnosperms Draw the cladogram of seed plants

phylum Cycadophyta - cycads Dioecious

Phylum Ginkgophyta - the ginkgo tree – Gingko biloba

Phylum – Coniferophyta (Pinophyta) female pine cone

cluster of male pine cones

white pine – an important northern commercial species

stand of longleaf pines – an important southern commercial species

Phylum - Gnetophyta Ephedra spp. Gnetum spp.

male parts of complete flower female parts

a typical fruit – the apple expanded ovary wall seeds

monocots vs. dicots – the flower lily – a monocot – count the petals hibiscus – a dicot – count the petals orchid – a monocot – count the petals

monocots vs. dicots – the leaves monocot leaf dicot leaves petiole

monocots vs. dicots – the seeds

structure of a dicot seed - notice the two cotyledons

monocot vs. dicot stem c/s xylem conducts water and dissolved minerals monocot stem vascular bundles phloem conducts dissolved sugars dicot stem

corn some typical monocots wheat rice

some typical monocots bamboo grass sugar cane

garlic and onion - monocots

tulips – a monocot

some typical dicots rose tomatoes live oak