Topics and individual works that have been discussed
Topics and individual works that have been discussed in class : The difference between structural curvature vs decorative curvature:
The structural difference between a flat plate, a single curved shell and a double curved shell.
The difference between synclastic and anticlastic curvature
Why are synclastic shells seen throughout history and why are anticlastic shells seen only after the turn of the 20 th century. http: //ngm. nationalgeographic. com/2014/02/il-duomo/domes-interactive
Why is a catenary profile a potent form in structural design?
Why is a catenary profile in an arch superior in performance compared to a semi-circular profile?
A barrel vault is an arch laterally translated and behaves very similar to an arch. A dome is an arch rotated but behaves quite different from an arch. Why? How?
It is not possible to build an arch without form work but it is possible to build a dome that way. Why/ How?
Why was the large scale use of arches, vaults and domes by the Romans so revolutionary in architecture/civil engineering?
The Duomo in Florence was and is still a landmark building in terms of design and construction method. In point form describe why this is so. A beautiful comparative diagram of domes in history being compared with the Duomo: http: //ngm. nationalgeographic. com/2014/02/ilduomo/domes-interactive
Picture of the four dome sections : briefly discuss the differences in structural behaviour and the differences in the construction methods
The TWA was a landmark building designed by Eero Saarinen. Describe the structure of the building
The Sydney Opera House is a building designed by Jorn Utzon. Describe the building
When a structural member is in tension it is always more efficient than a member in bending. Why?
When a structural member is in tension it is more efficient than a member in compression. This only true for relatively long members and not for short ones. Why?
How do the Peruvians fabricate longs ropes using only grass? How do the weak short grass stalks become a strong long rope? • What is the single reason that it is possible to make strong ropes out of grass, but not strong columns?
Ultra-light structures (tent structures, inflatables) can be very quick to erect and cost–effective, but also have a number of drawbacks. List some of the advantages and disadvantages.
Air supported structures come in two fundamentally different types. Explain
The Shukhov tower that was designed to be higher than the Eiffel Tower (but was never built) would have weighed less than half the weight of the Eiffel tower. How was that to be achieved?
An air supported fabric roof is one of the most economical double-curved construction systems in existence. Why? Draw a section through an air-supported building. (Give some advantages and disadvantages of the system. look up the change from air-supported to self supported structure of BC place in Vancouver) http: //web. archive. org/web/20091031083205/http: // www. nrc-cnrc. gc. ca/eng/ibp/irc/cbd/building-digest 137. html
Frei Otto experimented with tensile structures such as cable nets and selfsupporting fabric roofs. What is the difference?
Why are thin shells more vulnerable to eccentric loading (or ‘point loading’) than thicker domes. ? (Or: why is it easy to put a pin-prick in an egg and difficult to break an egg squeezing it in the palm of your hand)
In Gothic Cathedrals the lateral forces caused by the vault thrusts, by the wind and earth quakes are resisted in what way? (Draw a sketch of the cross section)
Felix Candela used the Hyperbolic Paraboloid almost exclusively in his designs. Give the reason(s) for this.
Nervi used prefabricated ferro-cement lozengeshaped boxes in his Palazzetto della Sport. What was the advantage?
Post tensioning was used in the construction of the Sydney Opera House and also in the construction of the Montreal Olympic stadium. Describe what the advantage of this method of construction is. https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=a 4 c. NG 4 P 5 v. ZQ
Below a list of the names of architects/engineers whose ‘double curved’ work has been discussed in class: 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. Eladio Dieste (double curved reinforced brick architecture) Felix Candela (thin shell concrete hyperbolic paraboloids) Filippo Brunelleschi (Duomo Florence, built without scaffolding) Le Corbusier (Philips Pavillon Brussels 1958) Frank Lloyd Wright (Guggenheim Museum etc. ) Frei Otto (tensile structures: Munich stadium, German Pavilion Expo 67) Eero Saarinen (double curved free-form structures: TWA-concrete shell , Yale Hockey arena- suspended cable roof) Eduardo Torroja (Thins shell concrete Hippodrome grand stand) Buckminster Fuller (Geodesic Domes, USA pavilion Montreal Expo 67) Jorn Utzon (Post-tenioned prefabricated concrete shells -Sydney Opera Hall) Max Berg (Poured-in-place concrete ribbed dome-Centenary Hall Breslau) Vladimir Shukhov (Lightweight Steel Hyperboloid towers) Robert Maillart (concrete arched bridges) Anthonio Gaudi (Sagrada Famillia, Colonia Guell Crypt) Heinz Isler (thin concrete shells- modelled in upside-down hanging sheets) Santiago Calatrava (arched concrete bridges, railway stations, concert halls, musea) Rafael Guastavino (thin tile vaults) John Ochsendorf (modern thin tile vaults, computer design) Christopher Wren (St. Paul’s) Jacques Germain Soufflot (Paris Pantheon) Michael Angelo (St. Peter’s) Hadrian (Pantheon Rome) Abott Suger (Cathedral of St. Denis)
• Eladio Dieste: Surface structures in reinforced brick • • • • Dieste had a strong sense of what structure should be the resistant virtues of structures that we make depend on their form: it is through their form that they are stable and not because of an awkward accumulation of materials. There is nothing more noble and elegant from an intellectual view point than this , resistance through form. (Dieste 1996 b). The use of the surface form can be seen throughout Dieste’s work, either as undulating doubly curved walls or vaults or as folded curved and folded plate structures. He consciously avoided discontinuity. Dieste developed two forms of vaulted construction to take advantage of surface form, the Free-standing Vault and the Gaussian vault. In both systems the directrix is defined by the geometry of the catenary. The forces due to self weight are axial and the thickness of the vault is kept to a minimum, only one brick thick plus a thin layer of sand–cement topping. The Gaussian vault uses a double curvature to stiffen the cross-section against buckling and tends to be used for long spans between the springing points of the directrix, up to 50 metres. Typical span to rise ratios of 8 to 10. For more information see Pedreschi 2000 or Anderson 2003
• • overview Dieste: • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=h. IRX 0 Cb 30 XM Dieste movie 4. 5 min https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=ZHir. Wd 84 h. Ok construction process: https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=KDS-0 Qx. GOig poetic view : https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=T 1 Up. Iu. Wap. K 0 Nice article: http: //archleague. org/2014/06/material-tour-de-force-thework-of-eladio-dieste/ • Mark West : Form finding with fabric formwork: • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=36 g. Ox 3 dgu. Ws • •
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