Topic 5 3 Classification of Biodiversity What are

Topic 5. 3 Classification of Biodiversity

What are those? ?

Binomial Nomenclature O Universal system for naming organisms O Developed by Carolus Linneaus 1707 -1778 O 2 names system (Genus & species) O Written in Latin (dead language) O Earliest published names for species O Plants 1753 O Animals 1758

Rules for Binomial Nomenclature O The Genus name begins with an upper case (capital) letter and the species name with a lower case (small) letter O In typed or printed text it is shown in italics O Homo sapiens O After it has been used once in a text, it can be abbreviated to the initial letter of the genus name and the full species name O H. sapiens

Natural Classification O The genus and accompanying higher taxa consist of all the species that have evolved from one common ancestral species. O Will share many characteristics

Reviewing classification O Taxonomists sometimes reclassify groups of species when new evidence shows that a previous taxon contains species that have evolved from different ancestral species

Advantages of Natural Classification O 1. Identification of species is easier O Identify domain, then kingdom…. . etc O 2. Because all of the members of a group in a natural classification have evolved from a common ancestor, they inherit similar characteristics

Hierarchy of Taxa O Seven ranks of classification (from broadest to most specific) O Domain O Kingdom O Phylum O Class O Order O Family O Genus O Species Dumb Kings Play Chess On Fine Grain Sand

The three domains O Eubacteria (prokaryotes) O Archaea (prokaryotes) O Eukarya (eukaryotes)

Domain Feature Bacteria Archaea Eukaryota Histones associated with DNA Absent Proteins similar to histones Present Presence of introns Rare or absent Present in some genes Frequent Structure of cell walls Peptidoglycan Not made of peptidoglycan

Organis m Domain Corn Eukarya Kingdo m Plantae Phylum Megnaliophyta Class Lilopsida Order Poales Family Poaceae Genus Zea Species mays Orca Human Grey Wolf Eukarya Animalia Chordata Mammalia Primates Carnivora Hominidae Canidae Homo Canis sapiens lupus Chordata Mammalia Cetacea Delphinidae Orcinus orca

Kingdoms O Plantae, Anamalia, fungi, protista are the main 4 that are accepted eukaryotic kingdoms O Archaebacteria and Eubacteria are the other two recognized kingdoms. O Those kingdoms are broken down into O 35 animal phyla O 12 plant phyla O 7 fungi

Plant Phyla Features Example Bryophyta • Lack vascular tissue (xylem/phloem) • Must live near water and close to ground • No roots: root like structure called rhizoids • Reproduce by spores Mosses Filicinophyta • Possess vascular tissue • Reproduce by spores on underside of leaves • Possess roots • Curled divided leaflets Ferns Coniferophyt • Possess vascular tissue a • Trees or shrubs • Possess roots • Narrow leaves (pine needles) • Possess cones with pollen Pine trees

Plant phyla cont. Phyla Features Example Angiospermophyt a • Possess vascular tissue • Possess roots, stems & leaves • Produce flowers • Possess ovaries where ovules are located • Fertilized ovules form seeds encased in fruit Rose Sunflower

Animal Phyla Features Example Porifera • • Sponges Cnidaria • Radial symmetry Jellyfish • Possess stinging tentacles Platyhelminthe s • Bilateral symmetry • Flat, unsegmented bodies • No anus but has a mouth Tapeworm Planarian Annelid • Bilateral symmetry • Segmented, round bodies • No anus but has a mouth Earthwor m leech Asymmetrical Body consists of pores Attached to a surface No anus or mouth

Animal phyla cont. Phyla Feature Example Mollusca • • • Snail Clam Octopus Bilateral symmetry Posses a foot and a mantle Unsegmented Some possess shells Possess anus and a mouth Arthropoda • Bilateral symmetry • Segmented, jointed appendages • Possess hard exoskeleton • Has anus and mouth Chordata • Bilateral symmetry • Segmentation • Notochord (central nerve cord) • Possess anus and a mouth Insects Spiders Crustaceans Birds Mammals Amphibians Reptiles fish

Animal Classes O Currently there are 108 widely accepted animal classes. O You will be responsible for 5 classes of the chordata phyla O Birds, Mammals, amphibians, reptiles and fish.

Characteristics of Animal classes Animal class Distinguishing characteristics Birds • • Warm blooded Posses hollow bones Feathers Egg layers (hard shell) Mammals • • • Warm blooded Live birth Posses hair or fur Most live on land (not all) Mammary glands (nurse young) Breather with lungs Amphibians • • • Cold blooded Eggs laid in water Posses moist, tough skin Live on land (adult) water (young/larvae) Breath with gills (water, lungs (land)

Characteristics of Animal Classes Cont. Animal class Distinguishing characeristics Reptiles • • Cold blooded Egg layers (leathery shell) Live on land only Possess dry, scaly skin Fish • • Cold blooded Possess scales and gills (for breathing) Lay slimy eggs Live in water (possess fins and tails for swimming)

Dichotomous Keys O Used to identify organisms based on structures and features O Each level includes two statements that refer to the same feature O One will be true and one will be false O The key will either identify the organism or prompt you to move on for further questioning

Sample Dichotomous Key