Topic 3 C Basics CSE 30 Computer Organization

Topic 3: C Basics CSE 30: Computer Organization and Systems Programming Winter 2011 Prof. Ryan Kastner Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering University of California, San Diego

C Basics

Has there been an update to ANSI C? v Yes! It’s called the “C 99” or “C 9 x” std v v You need “gcc -std=c 99” to compile References http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/C 99 http: //home. tiscalinet. ch/t_wolf/tw/c/c 9 x_changes. html v Highlights Declarations anywhere, like Java (#15) v Java-like // comments (to end of line) (#10) v Variable-length non-global arrays (#33) v <inttypes. h>: explicit integer types (#38) v <stdbool. h> for boolean logic def’s (#35) v restrict keyword for optimizations (#30) v

C vs. Java™ Overview (1/2) Java v. Object-oriented (OOP) v“Methods” v. Class libraries of data structures v. Automatic memory management C v. No built-in object abstraction. Data separate from methods. v“Functions” v. C libraries are lower-level v. Manual memory management v. Pointers

C vs. Java™ Overview (2/2) Java v. High memory overhead from class libraries v. Relatively Slow v. Arrays initialize to zero v. Syntax: /* comment */ // comment System. out. print C v. Low memory overhead v. Relatively Fast v. Arrays initialize to garbage v. Syntax: /* comment */ printf

C Syntax: General v. Header files (. h) contain function declarations - the function interface v. The. c files contain the actual code. File. h File. c void func 1(int, char *); int func 2(char *, char *); void func 1(int a, char *b) { if(a > 0) { *b = ‘a’; } } int func 2(char *a, char *b) { … v. Comment vonly your code: /* */ works, & they can’t be nested v // doesn’t work in C

C Syntax: main v. To get the main function to accept arguments, use this: int main (int argc, char *argv[]) v. What does this mean? will contain the number of strings on the command line (the executable counts as one, plus one for each argument). vargc v Example: unix% sort my. File is a pointer to an array containing the arguments as strings (more on pointers later). vargv

C Syntax: Variable Declarations v. All variable declarations must go before they are used (at the beginning of the block). v. A variable may be initialized in its declaration. v. Examples of declarations: vcorrect: { int a = 0, b = 10; . . . vincorrect: for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) (but OK for C 99)

Common C Error v There is a difference between assignment and equality a = b is assignment a == b is an equality test v This is one of the most common errors for beginning C programmers! v One solution (when comparing with constant) is to put the var on the right! If you happen to use =, it won’t compile. if (3 == a) {. . .

C Syntax: True or False? v. What evaluates to FALSE in C? v 0 (integer) v. NULL (pointer: more on this later) vno such thing as a Boolean v. What evaluates to TRUE in C? veverything else…

C syntax : control flow v. Within a method / function vif-else vswitch and for vdo-while vwhile If-else control structure … if(a == 0) How do we { i++; } else if(a == 1) convert this into an equivalent case { i--; } else if(a == 2) control structure? { i = 2; } else { i = 3; } For control structure for(i = 0; i < 20; i++) { a[i] = b[i]; } How do we convert this into an equivalent while control structure?

Address vs. Value v. Consider memory to be a single huge array: v. Each cell of the array has an address associated with it. v. Each cell also stores some value. v. Don’t confuse the address referring to a memory location with the value stored in that location. . 101 102 103 104 105. . . 23 42 . . .

Pointers v. An address refers to a particular memory location. In other words, it points to a memory location. v. Pointer: A variable that contains the address of a variable. Location (address) . . . name 101 102 103 104 105. . . 23 42 104 x y z . . .

Pointers v. How v& create a pointer: operator: get address of a variable int *x, y; x ? y = 3; x ? y 3 x = &y; x y 3 v. How v get a value pointed to? * “dereference operator”: get value pointed to printf(“x points to %dn”, *x);

Pointers v. How v. Use change variable pointed to? dereference * operator to left of = *x = 5; x y 3 x y 5

Pointers and Parameter Passing v. C passes a parameter “by value” vprocedure/function gets a copy of the parameter, so changing the copy cannot change the original void add. One (int x) { x = x + 1; } int y = 3; add. One(y); printf(“The value of y is %d”, y); v. What will be displayed?

Pointers and Parameter Passing v. How to get a function to change a value? void add. One (int *x) { *x = *x + 1; } int y = 3; add. One(&y); v. What will be displayed?

Pointers v. Normally a pointer can only point to one type (int, char, a struct, etc. ). * is a type that can point to anything (generic pointer) v. Use sparingly to help avoid program bugs! vvoid

More C Pointer Dangers v. Declaring a pointer just allocates space to hold the pointer – it does not allocate something to be pointed to! v. Local variables in C are not initialized, they may contain anything. v. What does the following code do? void f() { int* x; *x = 5; }

Pointers & Allocation v. After declaring a pointer: int *ptr; ptr doesn’t actually point to anything yet. We can either: vmake it point to something that already exists, or vallocate room in memory for something new that it will point to… (next lecture)

Pointers & Allocation v. Pointing to something that already exists: int *ptr, var 1, var 2; var 1 = 5; ptr = &var 1; var 2 = *ptr; and var 2 have room implicitly allocated for them. vvar 1

Peer Instruction Question void main(); { int *p, x=5, y; // init y = *(p = &x) + 10; int z; flip-sign(p); printf("x=%d, y=%d, p=%dn", x, y, p); } flip-sign(int *n){*n = -(*n)} How many syntax/logic errors in this C 99 code? #Errors 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Peer Instruction Answer void main(); { int *p, x=5, y; // init y = *(p = &x) + 10; int z; flip-sign(p); printf("x=%d, y=%d, p=%dn", x, y, *p); } flip-sign(int *n){*n = -(*n); } How many syntax/logic errors? I get 5. (signed printing of pointer is logical error) #Errors 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Conclusion v All declarations go at the beginning of each function except if you use C 99. v Only 0 and NULL evaluate to FALSE. v All data is in memory. Each memory location has an address to use to refer to it and a value stored in it. v A pointer is a C version of the address. * “follows” a pointer to its value & gets the address of a value