Topic 04 Plant Modifications I Modifications of Shoot

Topic 04 Plant Modifications

I. Modifications of Shoot Organs A. Leaves a. bracts / scales (incl. bud scales)

I. Modifications of Shoot Organs A. Leaves a. bracts / scales (incl. bud scales) b. spines

The spines of cacti Melocactus communis (Turk’s cap) in Aruba

Axillary branching from “areoles” Opuntia wentiana (prickly-pear) in Aruba

Axillary branching from “areoles” Subpilocereus (candelabra cactus) in Aruba

I. Modifications of Shoot Organs A. Leaves a. bracts / scales (incl. bud scales) b. spines c. succulence

I. Modifications of Shoot Organs A. Leaves a. bracts / scales (incl. bud scales) b. spines c. succulence d. pitcher traps Nepenthes

Sarracenia & friends

I. Modifications of Shoot Organs A. Leaves a. bracts / scales (incl. bud scales) b. spines c. succulence d. pitcher traps e. tendrils Pisum sativum

I. Modifications of Shoot Organs A. Leaves a. bracts / scales (incl. bud scales) b. spines c. succulence d. pitcher traps e. tendrils f. flower organs sepals, petals, stamens, carpels

I. Modifications of Shoot Organs A. Leaves B. Stems a. stolons, runners, & rhizomes

I. Modifications of Shoot Organs A. Leaves B. Stems a. stolons, runners, & rhizomes b. tubers

c. succulence

I. Modifications of Shoot Organs A. Leaves B. Stems a. stolons, runners, & rhizomes b. tubers c. succulence d. thorns

I. Modifications of Shoot Organs A. Leaves B. Stems a. stolons, runners, & rhizomes b. tubers c. succulence d. thorns e. twining stems Lonicera japonica

I. Modifications of Shoot Organs A. Leaves B. Stems C. Whole Shoots (stems plus leaves) 1. bulbs 2. corms 3. the whole flower 4. Tank of tank-epiphyte Lonicera japonica

I. Modifications of Shoot Organs A. Leaves B. Stems C. Whole Shoots (stems plus leaves) D. Other Prickles (from epidermis of leaves or stems, typically) Lonicera japonica

Prickles are not thorns or spines

Prickles Carolina horsenettle (Solanum carolinense)

Prickles Roses (Rosa spp. )

II. Modifications of Roots A. Tuberous Roots e. g. sweet potatoes, yams

II. Modifications of Roots A. Tuberous Roots B. Adventitious Roots

II. Modifications of Roots A. Tuberous Roots B. Adventitious Roots C. Prop Roots e. g. red mangroves, maize

II. Modifications of Roots A. Tuberous Roots B. Adventitious Roots C. Prop Roots D. Pneumatophores e. g. , black mangroves

II. Modifications of Roots A. Tuberous Roots B. Adventitious Roots C. Prop Roots D. Pneumatophores e. g. , black mangroves