Top 110 Biology Concepts EOC REVIEW Questions 1
Top 110 Biology Concepts EOC REVIEW
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1 A _________is a selectively permeable barrier around every cell made of a double layer of lipid s and proteins that. Plasma separates. Membrane the cell's content from its environment.
2 A _________is a barrier around the nucleus that contains pores Nuclear so materialsmembrane may pass out of the nucleus.
3 Holes in the nuclear membrane used for materials to may pass out of the nucleus are called _______. Nuclear pores
4 This structure maintains cell shape; it is invisible and anchors organelles in place and moves parts of cells in processes of growth and motility. cytoskeleton
5 _____ consist of microtubules and occur in animal cells only and are involved in division of the chromosomes. Centrioles
6 This structure is located inside the nucleus. It manufactures ribosomes, which in turn build proteins. nucleolus
7 A ______is one half of a duplicated chromosome. Chromatid
8 A phase in mitosis when the centromeres divide and the two chromatids now called chromosomes move toward opposite poles as the spindle fibers attached to them shorten Anaphase
9 A phase in mitosis that appears to be a “resting” stage, but cell growth, and replication of the chromosomes are taking place during this time interphase
10 The repeating sequence of growth and division through which eukaryotic cells pass each generation. The Cell Cycle
11 A phase in mitosis when the chromosomes coil up and become visible The nuclear envelope dissolves and the spindle forms. Prophase
12 A phase in mitosis when chromosomes move to the center of the cell and line up at the equator. Spindle fibers link the chromatids of each chromosome to opposite poles. Metaphase
13 A phase in mitosis when the nuclear envelope forms at each pole, chromosomes uncoil, spindle dissolves and cytokinesis begins. Telphase
14 The splitting of the cytoplasm at the end of mitosis. cytokinesis
15 Substance that decreases activation energy and increases reaction rate in a chemical reaction catalyst
16 Large complex polymer composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and usually sulfur which provides structure for tissues and organs and carry out cell metabolism Proteins
17 Compounds that do not contain carbon. inorganic
18 Includes all compounds of carbon. organic
19 A macromolecule containing a glycerol backbone and 1, 2, or 3 fatty acid chains. fats
20 Macromolecule composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen; includes sugars and starches. carbohydrate
21 Non-polar molecules including fats, oils and cholesterol that are used by cells for energy storage, insulation and protective coating lipid
22 A complex carbohydrate. starch
23 The type of bond created by the unequal sharing of electrons in a covalent bond. polar
24 Type of bond formed when there is Equal sharing of electrons in a covalent bond. Non-polar
25 An attraction formed by the sharing of electrons. Covalent bonding
26 An attraction created by the gain and loss of electrons. Ionic bonding
27 body plan of some organisms in which the body is not identical on both sides of a central line asymmetrical
28 plants that lack an internal means for water transportation and do not produce seeds or flowers Nonvascular plants
29 seed plant whose embryos are enclosed by fruit angiosperms
30 Polymer of nucleotides; the genetic material of organisms; RNA and DNA Nucleic acids
31 Nucleic acid molecule that allows for the transmission of genetic information and protein synthesis. RNA
32 Difference in the concentration of a substance from one location to another. Concentration gradient
33 Solution that has equal concentration of dissolved particles compared with another solution. isotonic
34 Solution that has a higher concentration of dissolved particles compared with another solution hypertonic
35 Solution that has a lower concentration of dissolved particles compared with another solution hypotonic
36 All chemical processes that synthesize or break down materials within an organism. metabolism
37 High energy molecule that contains, within its bonds, energy that cells can use. ATP
38 Protein that catalyzes chemical reactions for organisms, biological catalyst. enzyme
39 Study of heredity patterns and variation of organisms. genetics
40 Monomer that forms DNA and has a phosphate group, a sugar and a nitrogen-containing base. nucleotide
41 Process by which DNA is copied in the nucleus of the cell. replication
42 Process of copying a nucleotide sequence of DNA ro form a complementary strand of m. RNA. transcription
43 Process by which m. RNA is decoded and a protein is produced. translation
44 Process by which DNA codes for the production of DNA and proteins. Protein synthesis
45 Molecule that makes up proteins; composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sometimes sulfur. Amino acids
46 A type of RNA transports amino acids to the ribosome to be assembled into a protein t. RNA
47 A type of RNA that brings info from DNA in nucleus to the cytoplasm m. RNA
48 A type of RNA the clamps onto m. RNA and use its info to assemble the amino acids in the correct order t. RNA
49 A type of RNA the clamps onto m. RNA and use its info to assemble the amino acids in the correct order r. RNA
50 Set of 3 nitrogen bases in m. RNA coding for an amino acid codon
51 Set of 3 nitrogenous bases on t. RNA that are complementary to the 3 bases on m. RNA. Anti-codon
52 A change in the DNA sequence. mutation
53 A chromosomal mutation when part of a chromatid breaks off and attaches to the sister chromatid. insertion
54 A chromosomal mutation when part of the chromosome is left out deletion
55 A chromosomal mutations when part of chromosome breaks off and goes backwards inversion
56 A type of asexual reproduction whereby the offspring grows out of the body of the parent. budding
57 A type of asexual reproduction where the body of the parent breaks into distinct pieces, each of which can produce an offspring. fragmentation
58 A type of asexual reproduction and cell division used by prokaryotic organisms which divides the organisms into two parts. fission
59 Process by which a new organism can grow from a fragment of a nonreproductive structure. regeneration
60 The scientific word for a sex cell; an egg or sperm cell. gamete
61 The male gamete. sperm
62 The female gamete. egg
63 A cell that forms when a male gamete fertilizes a female gamete. zygote
64 A cell that only has one copy of each chromosome designated as “n”. haploid
65 A cell that only has two copies of each chromosome designated as “ 2 n”. diploid
66 The process of the fusion of an egg and sperm cell. fertilization
67 Genetic disorders that are not expressed unless two copies of an allele are present in an organism’s genotype. Recessive disorders
68 trait that is produced by two or more genes Polygenic trait
69 A series of three or more alternative or allelic forms of a gene that express a phenotype, only two of which can exist in any normal, diploid individual. Multiple alleles
70 An image of all of the chromosomes in a cell created with the help of staining. karyotype
71 the counseling of individuals, and of prospective parents regarding their offspring, on the probabilities, dangers, diagnosis, and treatment of inherited diseases Genetic counseling
72 scientific tests or techniques used in the investigation of crimes forensics
73 process of changing an organism’s DNA to give the organism new traits Genetic engineering
74 procedure to treat a disease in which a defective or missing gene is replaced or a new gene is inserted into a patient’s genome. Gene therapy
75 genetically engineered DNA that contains genes from more than one organisms or species Recombinant DNA
76 ecological relationship in which one organism lives within the body of another endosymbiosis
77 genetically identical copy of a single gene or an entire organism clone
78 variety of life within an area biodiversity
79 the belief that changes occur, or ought to occur, slowly in the form of gradual steps gradualism
80 theory that states that speciation occurs suddenly and rapidly followed by long periods of little evolutionary change Punctuated Equilibrium
81 states that species originate by descent, with variation, from parent forms, through the natural selection of those individuals best adapted for the reproductive success of their kind Darwinism
82 body part that is similar in structure on different organisms but performs different functions Homologous structures
83 process by which one species evolves and gives rise to many descendant species that occupy different ecological niches Adaptive radiation
84 the extinction of a large number of species within a relatively short period of geological time, thought to be due to factors such as a catastrophic global event or widespread environmental change that occurs too rapidly for most species to adapt Mass extinction
85 seed plant whose seeds are not enclosed by fruit gymnosperm
86 estimate of the age of a fossil based on the location of fossils in strata Relative dating
87 the systematic study of past human life and culture by the recovery and examination of remaining material evidence, such as graves, buildings, tools, and pottery archaeology
88 movement of a chemical through the biological and geological, or living and nonliving, parts of an ecosystem Biogeochemical cycle
89 nonliving factor in an ecosystem, such as moisture, temperature, wind, sunlight, soil, and minerals abiotic
90 living things, such as plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria Biotic factors
91 stablishment and development of an ecosystem in an area that was previously uninhabited Primary succession
92 reestablishment of a damaged ecosystem in an area where the soil was left intact Secondary succession
93 level of nourishment in a food chain Trophic level
94 anything that is added to the environment and has a negative effect on the environment or its organisms. pollution
95 growth of a plant toward a light source phototropism
96 growth oriented with respect to the field of gravity geotropism
97 walled, single- to many-celled, reproductive body of an organism, capable of giving rise to a new individual either directly or indirectly spore
98 life cycle in which the organism alternates between haploid and diploid phases. Alternation of generation
99 the close external resemblance of an organism, the mimic, to some different organism, the model, such that the mimic benefits from the mistaken identity, as seeming to be unpalatable or harmful mimicry
100 concealment by some means that alters or obscures the appearance camouflage
101 waterproof container that allows an embryo to develop out of water and externally from the mother without drying out Amniotic egg
102 a species that exploits empty niches, and produces many offspring, each of which has a relatively low probability of surviving to adulthood R-strategist
103 a species that is a strong competitor in crowded niches, and invests more heavily in fewer offspring, each of which has a relatively high probability of surviving to adulthood K-strategist
104 dramatic increase in population over a short period of time Exponential growth
105 population growth that is characterized by a period of slow growth, followed by a period of exponential growth, followed by a period of almost no growth Logistical growth
106 any organism that lacks a cavity between the body wall and the digestive tract, including the flatworms and sea anemones acoelomate
107 any organism with a fluid filled space with mesoderm on only one side of the space pseudocoelomate
108 any organism with a fluid-filled space that is completely covered by muscle coelomate
109 arrangement of body parts in a circle around a central axis Radial symmetry
110 body plan of some organisms in which the body can be divided equally along only one plane Bilateral symmetry
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