TOOLKIT FOR HAZARDOUS MATERIALS TRANSPORTATION EDUCATION This work

TOOLKIT FOR HAZARDOUS MATERIALS TRANSPORTATION EDUCATION

This work is sponsored by the U. S. Department of Transportation Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA). It was conducted through the Hazardous Materials Cooperative Research Program (HMCRP), which is administered by the Transportation Research Board of the National Academies. Prepared by 3 Sigma Consultants, LLC 909 Edenbridge Way, Nashville, TN 37215 MODULE 2: HAZMAT TRANSPORTATION LOGISTICS 2

Learning Outcomes At the end of this module students will be able to: 1. Describe the extent of freight transportation infrastructure and activity in the U. S. 2. Describe the contribution and characteristics of hazardous materials transport as part of the freight transportation system. 3. Identify the key stakeholders in the supply chain process and their roles and responsibilities. 4. Explain the operational issues and economic considerations associated with the transport of hazardous materials. 3

Topics • • U. S. freight transportation infrastructure, vehicles and equipment Hazmat shipment classifications, modes and commodity flows Hazmat shipment supply chain process maps Management and operational issues 4

U. S. Freight Transportation Infrastructure • Roads – Over 4 million miles of public roads – 164, 000 miles of roads comprising the National Highway System, including over 47, 000 miles of Interstates • Rail – Over 250, 000 miles of track, including yards, sidings and multiple main tracks – Nearly 95, 000 miles of Class I railroad track • Waterway – Over 13, 000 miles of inland waterways, including rivers and Great Lakes – Nearly 300 major commercial ports • Pipeline – Roughly 1. 7 million miles of oil and gas pipelines • Air – Over 13, 000 airports Sources: FHWA Freight Facts and Figures 2011, North American Transportation Statistics Database 5

U. S. Freight Transportation Vehicles & Equipment • Nearly 11 million commercial freight trucks • 24, 000 freight locomotives and over 1. 3 million rail cars • 40, 000 freight vessels – 9, 000 self-propelled and 31, 000 barges • Over 18, 000 commercial aircraft Sources: FHWA Freight Facts and Figures 2011, North American Transportation Statistics Database 6

Economic Characteristics of Transportation and Warehousing in Freight-Dominated Modes Establishments NAICS Rail transportation Water transportation Truck transportation Pipeline transportation Support activities for transportation Couriers and messengers Warehousing and storage Revenue (millions Payroll (millions Paid of current $) Employees 565 1, 721 120, 390 2, 529 42, 130 13, 004 13, 938 59, 600 34, 447 217, 833 25, 718 86, 596 77, 877 21, 921 NA 4, 544 58, 266 3, 219 24, 579 20, 431 25, 526 169, 280 75, 997 1, 507, 923 36, 964 608, 385 557, 195 720, 451 Key: NA = not available; NAICS = North American Industry Classification System. Notes: Data are for establishments in which transportation is the primary business. Data exclude transportation provided privately, such as trucking organized "in-house" by a grocery company. Data are not collected for governmental organizations even when their primary activity would be classified in industries covered by the census. For example, data are not collected for publicly operated buses and subway systems. Data is reported for calendar year 2007, except for railroads, which is reported for calendar year 2010. Sources: U. S. Department of Commerce, Census Bureau, 2007 Economic Census, Transportation and Warehousing, United States (Washington, DC: 2010); Association of American Railroads, U. S. Freight Railroad Statistics, 2013. 7

Freight Transportation Modes • Highway (Truck) – Private and for-hire – Bulk and less-than-truckload (LTL) shipments • Rail • LTL carriers consolidate many freight packages into a single larger shipment to improve shipper and/or customer efficiency – Class 1 (major carriers) – Class 2 (regional and short lines) – Class 3 (terminal – switching) • Marine (Water) – Brown water (inland) – Green water (coastal) – Blue water (ocean-going) • Pipeline • Air (with truck) • Intermodal 8

Truck: Bulk Shipment 9

Truck: LTL Shipment 10

Rail: Bulk Tank Cars 11

Marine: Brown Water 12

Marine: Green Water 13

Marine: Blue Water 14

Pipeline 15

Air 16

Terminal, Warehouse & Transfer Operations 17

Various Types of Hazmat Packaging Drums Boxes Cylinders Special Containers Tanks 18

Tonnage on Highways, Railroads and Inland Waterways: 2007 Each surface mode is characterized by major freight corridors. 19

National Network for Conventional Combination Trucks: 2010 One-fourth of distance traveled by all traffic is on interstates, yet nearly one-half of combination truck vehicle miles are on these roads. 20

Top 25 Water Ports by Tonnage: 2009 The top 25 water ports handle roughly two-thirds of the weight of all foreign and domestic goods moved by water. 21

National Pipeline System 22

Tonnage of Trailer-on-Flatcar and Container-on. Flatcar Rail Intermodal Moves: 2009 Rail intermodal transport is spread throughout the U. S. 23

Top 25 Foreign Trade Freight Gateways by Value: 2009 Top 25 foreign trade gateways by shipment value include 10 water ports, 6 land-border crossings and 9 airports. 24

Economic Considerations – Dry Cargo Capacity Efficiencies Among Surface Transportation Source: C. James Kruse, et. al. , A Modal Comparison of Domestic Freight Transportation Effects on the General Public: 2001 -2009, Prepared by the Center for Ports and Waterways, Texas Transportation Institute, Houston, Texas, 2012, p. 2. Prepared for the National Waterways Foundation. 1750 Short Tons 25 is the standard dry bulk cargo capacity for a single barge.

Economic Considerations – Liquid Cargo Capacity Efficiencies Among Surface Transportation Source: C. James Kruse, et. al. , A Modal Comparison of Domestic Freight Transportation Effects on the General Public: 2001 -2009, Prepared by the Center for Ports and Waterways, Texas Transportation Institute, Houston, Texas, 2012, p. 2. Prepared for the National Waterways Foundation. 27, 500 BBL is the standard liquid bulk cargo capacity for a single barge. 26

Economic Considerations – Fuel Efficiency Comparisons Among Surface Transportation Ton-Miles per Gallon of Fuel: 2009 Source: C. James Kruse, et. al. , A Modal Comparison of Domestic Freight Transportation Effects on the General Public: 2001 -2009, Prepared by the Center for Ports and Waterways, Texas Transportation Institute, Houston, Texas, 2012, p. 5. Prepared for the National Waterways Foundation. 27

Environmental Considerations – Greenhouse Gas Emission Comparison Among Surface Transportation Metric Tons of GHG per Million Ton-Miles (2005 & 2009) Source: C. James Kruse, et. al. , A Modal Comparison of Domestic Freight Transportation Effects on the General Public: 2001 -2009, Prepared by the Center for Ports and Waterways, Texas Transportation Institute, Houston, Texas, 2012, p. 5. Prepared for the National Waterways Foundation. GHG is Greenhouse Gas Emissions. 28

Smart. Way: Reducing Transportation Emissions • An Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) initiative that reduces transportation related emissions by creating incentives to improve efficiency. • Freight carriers and shippers commit to benchmark operations, track fuel consumption and improve performance annually. • Program includes testing, verification and designation to help identify equipment, technologies and strategies that save fuel and lower emissions. • Provides grants to make investing in fuel-saving equipment easier for freight carriers. Source: http: //www. epa. gov/smartway/basic-info/index. htm 29

PHMSA Hazmat Classification System Class 1: Explosives • 1. 1 Explosives with a mass explosion hazard • 1. 2 Explosives with a projection hazard • 1. 3 Explosives with predominately a fire hazard • 1. 4 Explosives with no significant blast hazard • 1. 5 Very insensitive explosives; blasting agents • 1. 6 Extremely insensitive detonating substances Class 2: Gas • 2. 1 Flammable gas • 2. 2 Non-flammable compressed gas • 2. 3 Poisonous gas Class 3: Flammable & Combustible Liquid Class 4: Flammable Solid • 4. 1 Flammable solid • 4. 2 Spontaneously combustible material • 4. 3 Dangerous when wet material Class 5: Oxidizing Agent & Organic Peroxide • 5. 1 Oxidizer • 5. 2 Organic peroxide Class 6: Toxic & Infectious Substance • 6. 1 Poisonous material • 6. 2 Infectious substance (Etiologic agent) Class 7: Radioactive Material Class 8: Corrosive Material Class 9: Miscellaneous Hazardous Material Note: Gasoline and fuel oil are considered Class 3 materials; liquefied natural gas and compressed natural gas are considered Class 2 materials. 30

Hazardous Material Shipment Characteristics - 2007 • Over 2. 2 billion tons of hazardous materials are transported every year in the U. S. , valued at over $1. 4 trillion. • This corresponds to 323 trillion ton-miles of hazmat cargo moved annually. • The average trip distance of these shipments is 96 miles. • Hazmat transportation represents roughly 18% of total tons transported by freight industry and accounts for nearly 10% of the ton-miles. Source: 2007 Commodity Flow Survey. This survey is performed by the U. S. Census Bureau every five years. 2012 survey results are not yet available. 31

Tonnage by Mode and Shipment Type - 2007 Mode For-hire Truck Private Truck Rail Water Air (Includes Truck and Air) Pipeline Multiple Modes Other and Unknown Hazardous Tons (thousands) 495, 077 707, 748 129, 743 149, 794 s 628, 905 111, 022 8, 489 Non-Hazardous Percent Tons (thousands) 12 3, 580, 060 15 3, 995, 828 7 1, 731, 564 37 253, 845 s 3, 256 97 21, 954 19 462, 708 3 263, 078 Percent 88 85 93 63 90 3 81 97 s = Estimate does not meet publication standards because of high sampling variability or poor response quality. Source: 2007 Commodity Flow Survey. This survey is performed by the U. S. Census Bureau every five years. 2012 survey results are not yet available. 32

Percent Hazmat Tons Shipped by Mode - 2007 The majority of hazardous cargo by weight is moved by truck, with a significant volume of hazmat also moved by pipeline. Source: 2007 Commodity Flow Survey. This survey is performed by the U. S. Census Bureau every five years. 2012 survey results are not yet available. 33

Tonnage Moved by Mode and Hazard Class - 2007 (includes combustible liquids) Rail carries the most uniformly distributed mix of different classes of hazardous materials. Source: 2007 Commodity Flow Survey. This survey is performed by the U. S. Census Bureau every five years. 2012 survey results are not yet available. 34

Ton-Miles by Mode and Shipment Type - 2007 Mode For-hire Truck Private Truck Rail Water Air (Includes Truck and Air) Pipeline Multiple Modes Other and Unknown Hazardous Non. Hazardous Tons (millions) Percent Tons (millions) 63, 288 6 992, 359 40, 709 14 245, 748 92, 169 7 1, 251, 871 37, 064 24 120, 251 s s 4, 334 s s s 42, 886 10 373, 756 1, 466 4 32, 298 Percent 94 86 93 76 96 s 90 96 S = Estimate does not meet publication standards because of high sampling variability or poor response quality. Ton-mile measure not relevant for continuous flow mode of pipeline. Source: 2007 Commodity Flow Survey. This survey is performed by the U. S. Census Bureau every five years. 2012 survey results are not yet available. 35

Percent Hazmat Ton-Miles by Mode - 2007 Due to the movement of larger loads, longer distances, rail, water and intermodal transport become significant freight modes when ton-miles are considered. Source: 2007 Commodity Flow Survey. This survey is performed by the U. S. Census Bureau every five years. 2012 survey results are not yet available. 36

Average Hazmat Trip Length by Mode (Miles) 2007 Local distribution is the dominant trip pattern for moving hazmat by truck. Source: 2007 Commodity Flow Survey. This survey is performed by the U. S. Census Bureau every five years. 2012 survey results are not yet available. 37

Top Hazmat Classes/Divisions Transported by Mode s = Estimate does not meet publication standards because of high sampling variability or poor response quality. Source: William Tate, et al. , Evaluation of the Use of Electronic Shipping Papers for Hazardous Materials Shipments, HMCRP Report 8, Transportation Research Board, Washington DC, 2012, p. 48. Note that this source identifies Ocean as a Transport Mode. The 2007 Commodity Flow Survey identifies Water as a Transport Mode instead of Ocean, reflecting shipments on the inland water system as well as ocean movements as well. 38

Overview of Modes and HM Shipments Source: William Tate, et al. , Evaluation of the Use of Electronic Shipping Papers for Hazardous Materials Shipments, HMCRP Report 8, Transportation Research Board, Washington DC, 2012. The 2007 Commodity Flow Survey identifies Water as a Transport Mode instead of Ocean (Marine), reflecting shipments on the inland water system as well as ocean movements as well. 39

Hazmat Shipments by State of Origin - 2007 State Texas Louisiana California Illinois Pennsylvania New Jersey Florida Georgia Ohio New York Value (million $) Value Percent Tons (thousands) Tons Percent 340, 144 126, 043 151, 684 73, 473 53, 480 47, 908 45, 582 35, 767 48, 758 37, 438 24 9 10 5 4 3 3 2 3 3 499, 592 221, 005 199, 755 114, 925 95, 592 78, 894 68, 259 67, 633 66, 218 56, 577 22 10 9 5 4. 4 3 3 3 2 Source: 2007 Commodity Flow Survey. This survey is performed by the U. S. Census Bureau every five years. 2012 survey results are not yet available. 40

Hazmat Shipments (Tons) by State of Origin - 2007 Source: 2007 Commodity Flow Survey. This survey is performed by the U. S. Census Bureau every five years. 2012 survey results are not yet available. 41

Hazmat Shipments by State of Destination - 2007 State Texas California Louisiana Florida Illinois New Jersey Georgia New York Pennsylvania Ohio Value (million $) Value Percent Tons (thousands) Tons Percent 318, 321 159, 535 101, 838 57, 547 56, 291 45, 654 39, 381 46, 247 40, 415 47, 924 22 11 7 4 4 3 3 3 487, 434 211, 302 182, 088 88, 865 80, 466 80, 041 69, 241 67, 308 67, 220 66, 226 22 10 8 4 4 4 3 3 Source: 2007 Commodity Flow Survey. This survey is performed by the U. S. Census Bureau every five years. 2012 survey results are not yet available. 42

Hazmat Shipment Characteristics by Selected Commodities - 2007 Commodity Gasoline and Aviation Turbine Fuel Oils Coal and Petroleum Products Basic Chemicals Fertilizers Chemical Products and Preparations Total % of Value HM Value Total HM Total Tons HM % of Total (million $) % HM Value (thousands) % HM HM Tons 663, 194 373, 515 663, 194 100. 0 373, 515 100. 0 48 27 959, 161 641, 894 959, 161 100. 0 641, 894 100. 0 43 29 268, 163 271, 469 43, 613 133, 043 149, 697 12, 468 50 55 29 10 10 1 578, 188 412, 581 149, 600 247, 172 295, 890 37, 788 42. 7 71. 7 25. 3 11 13 2 331, 750 54, 850 1, 386, 767 16 4 100 123, 537 24, 997 2, 206, 902 20. 2 1 100 Source: 2007 Commodity Flow Survey. This survey is performed by the U. S. Census Bureau every five years. 2012 survey results are not yet available. 43

Class 1 HM (Explosive) Shipments by Mode - 2007 Mode For-hire Truck Private Truck Rail Water Air (Includes Truck and Air) Multiple Modes Other and Unknown Value (million $) 7, 475 3, 245 s s 130 853 31 Percent 63. 6 27. 6 s s 1. 1 7. 3 0. 3 Tons (thousands) 807 2, 205 s s s 26 1 Percent 26. 5 72. 4 s s s 0. 8 s s = Estimate does not meet publication standards because of high sampling variability or poor response quality. Source: 2007 Commodity Flow Survey. This survey is performed by the U. S. Census Bureau every five years. 2012 survey results are not yet available. 44

Class 2 HM (Gas) Shipments by Mode - 2007 Mode For-hire Truck Private Truck Rail Water Air (Includes Truck and Air) Pipeline Multiple Modes Other and Unknown Value (million $) 15, 925 46, 970 20, 641 1, 335 273 42, 033 3, 763 868 Percent 12. 1 35. 6 15. 7 1 0. 2 31. 9 2. 9 0. 7 Tons (thousands) 24, 691 111, 245 32, 538 2, 425 s 75, 226 3, 321 1, 056 Percent 9. 9 44. 4 13 1 s 30 1. 3 0. 4 s = Estimate does not meet publication standards because of high sampling variability or poor response quality. Source: 2007 Commodity Flow Survey. This survey is performed by the U. S. Census Bureau every five years. 2012 survey results are not yet available. 45

Class 3 HM (Flammable and Combustible Liquid) Shipments by Mode - 2007 Mode For-hire Truck Private Truck Rail Water Pipeline Air Multiple Modes Other and Unknown Value (million $) 285, 022 386, 712 s s 9 25 s 9 Percent 44. 3 15. 3 s s 0. 2 0. 6 s 0. 2 Tons (thousands) 7, 075 3, 670 3, 995 s s 1 s s Percent 34. 7 18. 0 19. 6 s s s = Estimate does not meet publication standards because of high sampling variability or poor response quality. Source: 2007 Commodity Flow Survey. This survey is performed by the U. S. Census Bureau every five years. 2012 survey results are not yet available. 46

Class 4 HM (Flammable Solid) Shipments by Mode - 2007 Mode For-hire Truck Private Truck Rail Water Pipeline Multiple Modes Other and Unknown Value (million $) 1, 800 624 24, 095 62, 635 348, 297 58, 161 4, 784 Percent 24. 4 33 2. 1 5. 4 29. 8 5 0. 4 Tons (thousands) 399, 877 544, 394 31, 485 129, 760 545, 821 95, 317 5, 822 Percent 22. 8 31. 1 1. 8 7. 4 31. 1 5. 4 0. 3 Source: 2007 Commodity Flow Survey. This survey is performed by the U. S. Census Bureau every five years. 2012 survey results are not yet available. 47

Class 5 HM (Oxidizing Agent & Organic Peroxide) Shipments by Mode - 2007 Mode For-hire Truck Private Truck Rail Air (Includes Truck and Air) Multiple Modes Value (million $) 2, 617 1, 798 1, 737 68 382 Percent 39. 1 26. 9 25. 9 1 5. 7 Tons (thousands) 4, 519 3, 324 5, 929 1 962 Percent 30. 2 22. 2 39. 6 s 6. 4 Source: 2007 Commodity Flow Survey. This survey is performed by the U. S. Census Bureau every five years. 2012 survey results are not yet available. 48

Class 6 HM (Toxic & Infectious Substances) Shipments by Mode - 2007 Mode For-hire Truck Private Truck Rail Water Air (Includes Truck and Air) Pipeline Multiple Modes Other and Unknown Value (million $) 8, 682 1, 446 6, 782 s 36 s 1, 068 26 Percent 41 6. 8 32 s 0. 2 s 5 0. 1 Tons (thousands) 2, 414 537 5, 354 1, 847 1 298 817 s Percent 21. 4 4. 8 47. 5 16. 4 s 2. 6 7. 2 s s = Estimate does not meet publication standards because of high sampling variability or poor response quality. Source: 2007 Commodity Flow Survey. This survey is performed by the U. S. Census Bureau every five years. 2012 survey results are not yet available. 49

Class 7 HM (Radioactive Material) Shipments by Mode - 2007 Mode For-hire Truck Private Truck Air (Includes Truck and Air) Multiple Modes Other and Unknown Value (million $) 2, 949 16, 133 233 1, 218 100 Percent 14. 3 78. 2 1. 1 5. 9 0. 5 Tons (thousands) 16 485 2 9 3 Percent 3 94. 1 0. 5 1. 8 0. 6 Source: 2007 Commodity Flow Survey. This survey is performed by the U. S. Census Bureau every five years. 2012 survey results are not yet available. 50

Class 8 HM (Corrosive Material) Shipments by Mode - 2007 Mode For-hire Truck Private Truck Rail Water Air (Includes Truck and Air) Pipeline Multiple Modes Other and Unknown Value (million $) 20, 930 15, 686 7, 973 1, 483 194 1, 398 3, 190 622 Percent 40. 7 30. 5 15. 5 2. 9 0. 4 2. 7 6. 2 1. 2 Tons (thousands) 31, 810 25, 256 34, 839 8, 342 s 4, 976 7, 817 1, 396 Percent 27. 8 22. 1 30. 4 7. 3 s 4. 3 6. 8 1. 2 s = Estimate does not meet publication standards because of high sampling variability or poor response quality. Source: 2007 Commodity Flow Survey. This survey is performed by the U. S. Census Bureau every five years. 2012 survey results are not yet available. 51

Class 9 HM (Miscellaneous Hazardous Material) Shipments by Mode - 2007 Mode For-hire Truck Private Truck Rail Water Air (Includes Truck and Air) Multiple Modes Other and Unknown Value (million $) 13, 392 5, 667 7, 292 s 25 1, 719 35 Percent 44. 4 18. 8 24. 2 s 0. 1 5. 7 0. 1 Tons (thousands) 23, 868 16, 632 15, 598 3, 552 1 s s Percent 37. 8 26. 3 24. 7 5. 6 s s = Estimate does not meet publication standards because of high sampling variability or poor response quality. Source: 2007 Commodity Flow Survey. This survey is performed by the U. S. Census Bureau every five years. 2012 survey results are not yet available. 52

Generalized Supply Chain Flow Chart Manufacturer Output/Raw Materials Storage Loading Transportation • Truck • Rail • Water/Ocean • Air • Pipeline • Intermodal Unloading Storage Customer 53 53

HM Shipment Supply Chain - Process Map Element Descriptions: Activity Identifiers, Roles and Definitions Source: William Tate, et al. , Evaluation of the Use of Electronic Shipping Papers for Hazardous Materials Shipments, HMCRP Report 8, Transportation Research Board, Washington DC, 2012. 54

HM Shipment Supply Chain - Process Map Element Descriptions: Activity Identifiers, Roles and Definitions Source: William Tate, et al. , Evaluation of the Use of Electronic Shipping Papers for Hazardous Materials Shipments, HMCRP Report 8, Transportation Research Board, Washington DC, 2012. 55

HM Shipment Supply Chain - Truckload Process Map Source: William Tate, et al. , Evaluation of the Use of Electronic Shipping Papers for Hazardous Materials Shipments, HMCRP Report 8, Transportation Research Board, Washington DC, 2012. 56

HM Shipment Supply Chain - Less-Than-Truckload Process Map Source: William Tate, et al. , Evaluation of the Use of Electronic Shipping Papers for Hazardous Materials Shipments, HMCRP Report 8, Transportation Research Board, Washington DC, 2012. 57

HM Shipment Supply Chain - Rail Process Map Source: William Tate, et al. , Evaluation of the Use of Electronic Shipping Papers for Hazardous Materials Shipments, HMCRP Report 8, Transportation Research Board, Washington DC, 2012. 58

HM Shipment Supply Chain – Ocean/Intermodal Process Map Source: William Tate, et al. , Evaluation of the Use of Electronic Shipping Papers for Hazardous Materials Shipments, HMCRP Report 8, Transportation Research Board, Washington DC, 2012. 59

HM Shipment Supply Chain – Air Process Map Source: William Tate, et al. , Evaluation of the Use of Electronic Shipping Papers for Hazardous Materials Shipments, HMCRP Report 8, Transportation Research Board, Washington DC, 2012. 60

Hypothetical Shipment: Supply Chain Roles Petrochemicals are shipped via rail from a chemical plant in Houston, Texas, to a manufacturer in Philadelphia. The finished product, also considered a hazardous material, is then transported by truck to the Port of New York for ocean shipping to Europe.

Hypothetical Shipment: Supply Chain Roles Chemical Plant • • Prepare shipping documents Load commodity using approved procedures by certified employees Maintain an emergency response plan Inspect cars prior to loading Provide emergency response information and contact phone number Inspect cars after loading Provide appropriate placards Railroad • • • Accept and verify shipping documents and prepare additional documents as required Place car within the train in an approved configuration Inspect car before moving 62

Hypothetical Shipment: Supply Chain Roles Railroad (continued) • • Maintain shipping documents Maintain emergency response information Transport to interchange with another railroad Inspect car at interchange Transfer shipping documents to second carrier Second railroad places car in appropriate position within train Deliver to manufacturer Manufacturer (Incoming) • • Accept car and inspect Accept shipping papers Unload car Store commodities in approved manner 63

Hypothetical Shipment: Supply Chain Roles Manufacturer (Outgoing) • Prepare appropriate shipping documents • Load truck Trucking Firm • • Accept and maintain shipping documents Inspect load Provide appropriate placards Transport load Port Facility • • Accept load and shipping documents Store in appropriate location Prepare additional required shipping documentation for overseas shipping Move to ship 64

Hazmat Logistics: Management and Operational Issues Corporate management practices Mode and route selection Hazmat permits Hazmat inspections/violations/penalties Transportation Worker Identification Credential (TWIC) Commercial Driver’s License (CDL) Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW) • Tracking and performance monitoring • Safe havens • • 65

Corporate Management • Hazmat transportation procedures are integrated into a corporation’s safety culture. • Each organization establishes its own structure for managing hazmat transportation issues. Typically, a position is established with responsibility for hazmat transportation and safety. • The location within the corporate government is dependent on the nature and amount of the hazardous materials that are handled. • Each firm establishes a chain of command which specifies responsibility and accountability. • Within the organization, communications and coordination responsibilities are reinforced through training exercises and established protocols. 66

Factors Affecting Hazmat Mode Choice • • • Travel time and service reliability Total logistics costs Safety and security Shipment size and weight Hazardous materials properties and composition Container characteristics Availability of infrastructure access/egress Equipment availability Local restrictions (e. g. , bridges, tunnels, highway weights) Intermodal considerations 67

Route Selection Factors • Efficiency – – Trip length Travel time Availability of diversion route Access to enroute storage and repair facilities • Safety & Security – – – – Condition of infrastructure Height, width, weight and traffic conflict considerations Accident likelihood Population exposure Number of transfers Proximity to critical infrastructure and iconic targets Emergency response capability Safe stopping places • Environmental – Wildlife and vegetation exposure – Soil composition – Proximity to surface and ground water 68

Hazmat Permitting • Special permit is a document authorizing an entity to perform a function that is not currently authorized under the authority of the HM regulations. • Special permits are issued for motor vehicles; rail cars; oceangoing vessels and ferries; cargo and passenger planes; and intermodal containers. • Applicant for special permit must demonstrate that special permit achieves level of safety that is required by HM regulations or is consistent with public interest. Source: http: //phmsa. dot. gov/staticfiles/PHMSA/Downloadable. Files/Special Permits Action Plan. pdf 69

PHMSA Hazmat Permits Source: US DOT Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, Transportation of Hazardous Materials, 2009 -2010, October 2011, p. 16. * The figures reflect applications for status as “party-toexemption” (PTE). Party means a person, other than the initial grantee, authorized to act under terms of the special permit. **The figures reflect applications for modifications to a special permit. 70

HM Inspections, Violations and Penalties • HM inspections cover all modes: airlines, pipelines, motor carriers, water carriers, and railroads. • Inspections are conducted by multiple federal agencies. • Violations among motor carriers are generally considered serious and contributing factors to HM incidents due to : – – – Release of HM from packages Unauthorized packaging Smoking while loading or unloading Package not secure in vehicle Vehicle not placarded as required Source : http: //www. fmcsa. dot. gov/documents/tb 99 -005. pdf 71

HM Inspections, Violations, and Penalties Source: US DOT Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, Transportation of Hazardous Materials, 2009 -2010, October 2011, p. 21. 72

Transportation Worker Identification Credential - TWIC • A Transportation Security Administration and U. S. Coast Guard initiative. • Provides a tamper-resistant biometric credential to maritime workers requiring unescorted access to secure areas of port facilities, outer continental shelf facilities, and vessels regulated under the Maritime Transportation Security Act of 2002, and all U. S. Coast Guard credentialed merchant mariners. Over two million individuals are currently enrolled. • To obtain a TWIC, an individual must provide biographic and biometric information such as fingerprints, sit for a digital photograph and successfully pass a security threat assessment conducted by TSA. • TWIC implemented in maritime area initially, but may be implemented across other modes in future. Source: http: //www. tsa. gov/what_we_do/layers/twic/index. shtm 73

Commercial Driver's License - CDL • Required to operate any type of vehicle which has a gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) of 26, 001 lb (11, 793 kg) or more for commercial use, or transports quantities of hazardous materials that require warning placards under USDOT regulations. • CDL is intended to improve highway safety by ensuring that truck drivers are qualified to drive commercial motor vehicles and to remove drivers that are unsafe and unqualified from the highways. • States have the right to issue CDLs, subject to meeting federally-established minimum requirements. Source: http: //www. fmcsa. dot. gov/registration-licensing/cdl. htm 74

Commercial Driver's License – Hazardous Materials Endorsement • The Transportation Security Administration (TSA)’s Hazardous Materials Endorsement Threat Assessment Program conducts a security threat assessment for any driver seeking to obtain, renew or transfer a hazardous materials endorsement on a state-issued CDL. • Program was implemented to meet the requirements of the US Patriot Act, which prohibits states from issuing a license to transport hazardous materials in commerce unless a determination has been made that the driver does not pose a security risk. • The US Patriot Act further requires that the risk assessment include checks of criminal history records, legal status, and relevant international databases. Source: http: //www. tsa. gov/stakeholders/hazmat-endorsement-threat-assessment-program 75

Standards of Training, Certification, and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW) • The International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW) sets qualification standards for master, officers and watch personnel on seagoing merchant ships. • STCW was adopted by the International Maritime Organization and entered into force in 1984, with significant amendments enacted in 1995. • Requires that seafarers be provided with "familiarization training" and "basic safety training“, which includes basic fire fighting, elementary first aid, personal survival techniques, and personal safety and social responsibility. This is intended to make seafarers aware of the hazards of working on a vessel and able to respond appropriately in an emergency. 76

Tracking and Performance Monitoring • Is utilized to improve transportation efficiency, safety, and security. • At a minimum, tracking is done by maintaining a manifest accompanying the shipment. • Most companies use electronic systems to track shipments and also monitor vehicle and driver performance. • GIS and GPS technologies form the basis for enabling this practice. • Federal agencies such as TSA are currently considering the use of hazmat tracking systems for oversight purposes. 77

Safe Havens • A safe haven is an approved place for parking vehicles loaded with high hazard materials (e. g. , explosives, radioactive materials). • Designation of safe havens is usually made by local authorities. • Must be off the traveled way and not near where people gather, an open fire, or a bridge, tunnel, or building. • Must notify owner if parking on private property. 78

Key Takeaways • The transportation of hazardous materials is a major shipping activity involving many freight modes and service providers. • The majority of shipments are made by truck, with pipeline, rail and waterway trips representing longer-haul and larger bulk movements. • Hazardous cargo takes on many forms, with unique material properties that require different types of packaging. • Transport of hazardous materials requires special treatment within the supply chain, involving a variety of stakeholders. • Shippers and carriers in particular have several important roles and responsibilities. • A variety of operational issues must be considered from a logistics perspective. 79 79

Student Exercise • Compare the HM shipment supply chain process maps for TL and LTL truck, rail, and ocean intermodal: • For which modal alternative are there more opportunities for delays and bottlenecks? Identify the bottlenecks and explain your answer. • For which modal alternative are there more risks for an HM incident (spill or release)? • Suggest ways to reduce the delays/bottlenecks in the process maps without simultaneously increasing the risk of an HM incident. 80

Resources for Support and Additional Learning • Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Commodity Flow Survey – 2007: Hazardous Materials http: //www. bts. gov/publications/commodity_flow_survey/2007/hazard ous_materials/pdf/entire. pdf • Federal Highway Administration, Freight Facts and Figures 2011 http: //www. ops. fhwa. dot. gov/freight_analysis/nat_freight_stats /docs/11 factsfigures/index. htm • Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, Hazardous Materials Table http: //phmsa. dot. gov/portal/site/PHMSA/menuitem. ebdc 7 a 8 a 7 e 39 f 2 e 5 5 cf 2031050248 a 0 c/? vgnextoid=d 84 ddf 479 bd 7 d 110 Vgn. VCM 1000009 ed 0 7898 RCRD&vgnextchannel=4 f 347 fd 9 b 896 b 110 Vgn. VCM 1000009 ed 07898 RCRD&vgnextfmt=print 81

Resources for Support and Additional Learning • John Coyle, et al. , Management of Transportation, Cengage Learning, 2011. • C. James Kruse, et. al. , A Modal Comparison of Domestic Freight Transportation Effects on the General Public: 20012009, Prepared by the Center for Ports and Waterways, Texas Transportation Institute, Houston, Texas, 2012. Prepared for the National Waterways Foundation. • C. James Kruse, et. al. , Marine Highway Transport of Toxic Inhalation Hazard Materials, National Cooperative Freight Research Program, NCFRP Report 18, Transportation Research Board, Washington D. C. , 2012. • H. Barry Spraggins, Truck v. Rail Transportation of HM, International Journal of Business Research, Vol. VII, No. 2, 2007. 82

Resources for Support and Additional Learning • William Tate, et al. , Evaluation of the Use of Electronic Shipping Papers for Hazardous Materials Shipments, HMCRP Report 8, Transportation Research Board, Washington DC, 2012. • US Bureau of the Census, Census of Transportation 2007 • US DOT Pipeline and Hazardous Material Safety Administration, Transportation of Hazardous Materials, 2009 -2010, October 2011. • Guidelines for Safe Warehousing of Chemicals, 1998, Center for Chemical Process Safety, American Institute of Chemical Engineers. • NFPA 55 Standard for the Storage, Use and Handling of Compressed and Liquefied Gases in Portable Cylinders, 1998 Edition, National Fire Protection Association. 83

Resources for Support and Additional Learning • Guidelines for Safe Warehousing of Chemicals, 1998, Center for Chemical Process Safety, American Institute of Chemical Engineers. • NFPA 55 Standard for the Storage, Use and Handling of Compressed and Liquefied Gases in Portable Cylinders, 1998 Edition, National Fire Protection Association. • Carmel, Matthew M. , A Guide to OSHA Regulations on Storing and Handling Flammable and Combustible Liquids, Plant Engineering, March 18, 1982. • Recommended Practices for Storing and Handling Hazardous Substances, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. • American Chemical Council, Chemical/CCPA Warehouse Assessment Protocol, American Chemistry Council, June 1, 1996. 84 84