TOOL 5100 CSCL 111 Intersubjectivity Collaboration learning I

TOOL 5100: CSCL 1/11 Intersubjectivity Collaboration & learning I: Intersubjectivity and common ground Pål Fugelli Lecture 9, 15. 04. 2008

TOOL 5100: CSCL Intersubjectivity, what is it about? - Shared understandings - Interpersonal phenomena - Necessary for bridging the known and the new in communication (Rogoff et al. , 1993). - Increasingly considered an essential aspect of learning (see i. e. Matusov, 2001) Lecture 9, 15. 04. 2008 2/11

TOOL 5100: CSCL Intersubjectivity ”In-between” subjectivities Related concepts: • The sphere in between (Buber) • Intersubjective space (Crossley) • Shared prolepsis (Rommetveit) • Grounding (i. e. Clark, Baker) Lecture 9, 15. 04. 2008 3/11

TOOL 5100: CSCL Intersubjectivity 4/11 Research agenda for CSCL is described as the study of practices of meaning-making in the context of joint activity and the ways in which these practices are mediated through designed artifacts. (Koschmann, 2002 cited in Suthers) Lecture 9, 15. 04. 2008

TOOL 5100: CSCL Intersubjectivity Grounding • Grounding is the name given to the interactive processes by which common ground (or mutual understanding) between individuals is constructed and maintained (Baker et al. , 1999). • A process of adding information to the common ground between individuals while communicating (Clark & Brennan, 1991). • All collective actions (including learning) are accordingly built on a common ground. Lecture 9, 15. 04. 2008 5/11

TOOL 5100: CSCL Intersubjectivity Linguistics, CHAT and CSCL Baker et al. (1999) maintains that language science “provides fine-grained cognitive models of the grounding process, collaboration and how the two relate, within the short timescale on isolated verbal interactions” (p. 32). On the other hand, CHAT offers a conception of learning as an appropriation of tools, enabling us to get an idea of language’s function in a CSCL environment. Lecture 9, 15. 04. 2008 6/11

TOOL 5100: CSCL Intersubjectivity Example: Activity system from the Gene-Ethics (CSCL) scenario Lecture 9, 15. 04. 2008 7/11

TOOL 5100: CSCL Intersubjectivity 8/11 Grounding-principles 1. The grounding criterion: The contributor and the partners mutually believe that the partners have understood what the contributor meant to a criterion sufficient for the current purpose. (Clark & Schaefer, 1989) Lecture 9, 15. 04. 2008

TOOL 5100: CSCL Intersubjectivity 9/11 Grounding-principles 2. The principle of least collaborative effort: Speakers are likely to spend just enough effort as is needed for the current purpose. . (Clark & Brennan, 1991) Lecture 9, 15. 04. 2008

TOOL 5100: CSCL Intersubjectivity Media constraints on grounding Possible constraints a medium may impose on communication Clark and Brennan (1991): 1. co-presence 2. visibility 3. audibility 4. co-temporality 5. simultaneity 6. sequentiality 7. reviewability 8. revisability Lecture 9, 15. 04. 2008 10/11

TOOL 5100: CSCL Intersubjectivity Rommetveit’s dialogic approach to intersubjectivity • Based on a dialogic epistemology (see Linell) • By joining dialogical interactions, we temporarily establish shared understandings of utterances in a sociocultural context. • Every communicative act builds upon the commitment to “a temporarily shared social world" (Rommetveit, 1974: 29) Lecture 9, 15. 04. 2008 11/11

TOOL 5100: CSCL Intersubjectivity Prolepses • Intersubjectivity must be taken for granted in order to be (partially) achieved. • Shared prolepsis describes what is presupposed or taken for granted by participants prior to interaction. Lecture 9, 15. 04. 2008 12/11

TOOL 5100: CSCL Intersubjectivity 13/11 The spatial-temporal interpersonal co -ordinates of the act of speech Lecture 9, 15. 04. 2008

TOOL 5100: CSCL Intersubjectivity Perfect intersubjectivity? • Communication aims at transcendence of the ‘private’ worlds of the participants (Rommetveit, 1979: 94) • But: our ‘pluralistic’ social world (and others) can only be partially shared and fragmentarily known. -> Perfect intersubjectivity is not possible. Its never complete. . Lecture 9, 15. 04. 2008 14/11

TOOL 5100: CSCL Intersubjectivity The carburetor story A lady who is a very knowledgeable amateur auto mechanic discovers that there is something wrong with the carburetor of her car. Her husband, who is notoriously ignorant about car engines and does not even know what a carburetor looks like, offers to drive the car to a garage to have it repaired. He tells the car mechanic at the garage, “There is apparently something wrong with the carburetor. ” This saves the latter considerable time in searching for the problem. Lecture 9, 15. 04. 2008 15/11

TOOL 5100: CSCL Intersubjectivity Practical Interpret the utterance ”There is apparently something wrong with the carburetor. ” Lecture 9, 15. 04. 2008 16/11

TOOL 5100: CSCL Intersubjectivity Further development • Object-orientation in distributed knowledge practices. • The adaptation of Rommetveits perspective to account for intersubjectivity at a distance’ in collective activity systems (Engeström, 2001). • Inter-worlds in cyberspace. . Lecture 9, 15. 04. 2008 17/11