Tolstoy Life and Work Leo Tolstoy 1828 1910

Tolstoy. Life and Work.

Leo Tolstoy (1828 - 1910), novelist, playwright, essayist. Born September 9, (old style August 28) the estate of Yasnaya Polyana in Tula province. By birth belonged to the oldest aristocratic families in Russia. Received home education and upbringing.

"The period of childhood" The writer's father - Nikolai Tolstoy His mother, nee Princess Volkonskaia , died when Tolstoy was not yet two years old, but the stories of family members , he was well aware of " the spiritual aspect of it. " Tolstoy 's father , a member of the Patriotic War , was remembered by the writer naturedly mocking character, love of reading , hunting died too early ( 1837). Upbringing of children engaged distant relative TA Yergolsky , which had a huge impact on Tolstoy : " She taught me the spiritual delight of love. " Childhood memories have always been for the most joyful and Tolstoy reflected in the autobiographical novel "Childhood".

Tolstoy was the fourth child in the family; He had three older brothers, Nicholas (1823 -1860), Sergei (1826 -1904) and Dmitri (1827 -1856). In 1830, Sister Mary was born. His mother died with the birth of the last daughter when he was not yet 2 years old. LN Tolstoy brothers.

Kazan University PI Yushkova Aunt writer Kazan University. Home at Yasnaya Polyana. When Tolstoy was 13 years old , the family moved to Kazan, a relative 's house and guardian of children PI Yushkova. Living in Kazan Tolstoy 2. 5 years preparing to enter university at age 17 he enrolled there. Leo already at that time knew 16 languages , read a lot and studied philosophy. But the lessons are not caused him a lively interest with passion and he devoted himself to secular entertainment. In the spring of 1847 , by filing a petition for dismissal from the university " by deranged health and family reasons , " Tolstoy at Yasnaya Polyana went with the intention to study the whole course of studies.

"Stormy life the youthful period" After a summer in the countryside in autumn 1847 Tolstoy went first to Moscow and then to St. Petersburg to hold Ph. D. exams at the university. The image of his life during this period changed frequently. Then he had a serious desire to write and the first unfinished art sketches.

Novel "Childhood" In 1851 the elder brother Nicholas, an officer of the army, Tolstoy persuaded to travel together to the Caucasus. Almost three years Tolstoy lived in the Cossack village on the bank of the Terek. In the Caucasus, Tolstoy wrote the novel "Childhood" and sent it to the journal "Contemporary", without revealing his name. Literary debut immediately brought Tolstoy real recognition.

Crimean campaign In 1854, Tolstoy was appointed to the Danube army, in Bucharest. Shtabnaya boring life forced him to transfer to the Crimean army, the besieged Sevastopol, where he commanded a battery on the 4 th bastion, showing a rare personal courage (awarded the Order of St. . Anna and medals). In Crimea, Tolstoy captured new experience and literary plans (including going to publish a magazine for men), and here he began to write cycle "Sevastopol Stories".

In the circle of writers and abroad In November 1855, Tolstoy came to St. Petersburg and immediately entered the circle of "Contemporary" (NA Nekrasov, Turgenev, Ostrovsky, IA Goncharov, etc. ), where he was greeted as a "great hope Russian literature. "autumn 1856 Tolstoy, in retirement, he went to Yasnaya Polyana, and in early 1857 - abroad. He visited France, Italy, Switzerland Germany. Autumn he returned to Moscow, and then - at Yasnaya Polyana.

Folk School v. In 1859, in the village of Tolstoy opened a school for peasant children, helped arrange more than 20 schools in the vicinity of Yasnaya Polyana. In 1862 he published pedagogical journal "Yasnaya Polyana", the book "ABC" and "New ABC, as well as children's books to read.

v. In September 1862, Tolstoy married the daughter of a doctor eighteen Sofia Andreevna Bers and immediately after the wedding ceremony took his wife from Moscow to Yasnaya Polyana. During 17 years of marriage they were born 13 children.

v. In 1870. , Still living at Yasnaya Polyana, continuing to teach peasant children and develop their pedagogical views Print Tolstoy worked on the novel "War and Peace" and "Anna Karenina", the novel "The Cossacks", the first of works in which Tolstoy's great talent was recognized as a genius.

v. Years fracture abruptly changed the personal biography of the writer ( Tolstoy declared renunciation of ownership of private property caused strong dissatisfaction with family members , especially his wife ). v. Late autumn 1910 , at night, in secret from his family , 82 -year-old Tolstoy , followed by a personal physician DP Makovická , left Yasnaya Polyana. The road was unbearable for him : in the way Tolstoy fell ill and was forced to get off the train at a small railway station Astapovo. Here , in the house of the station- he spent the last seven days of his life. Event of national scale steel funeral Tolstoy in Yasnaya Polyana Stantion Astapovo

10 (23) November 1910 was buried at Yasnaya Polyana, on the edge of a ravine in the woods, where as a child he and his brother was looking for a "green stick" to keep secrets, how to make everybody happy. Throughout his life, Tolstoy improved his knowledge and was a highly educated man. In his works, Tolstoy said that man can be called only one who works, who do good to other people who honestly do their duty. Ashamed, unworthy of man to live someone else's labor.