Tobacco Nicotiana tabacum CHRISTOPHER KONIECZNY CAL POLY POMONA
Tobacco Nicotiana tabacum CHRISTOPHER KONIECZNY CAL POLY POMONA JERRY TAYLOR LA-4782
Nicotiana tabacum Tobacco Native Habitat Indigenous to South America, North America, Australia, South West Africa & South Pacific (3) Tropical – Perennial Non-Tropical – Annual (8) Genus Herbaceous (8) Cultivation Cultivated World Wide (3) Major Producers United States, China, Brazil, India (3) Common Usages Cigars, Cigarettes, Chewing Tobacco Pesticides and Pipe Tobacco plants growing in a field in Intercourse, Pennsylvania, 2006
History Tobacco has been recorded in North American history from as early as the Aztec and Mayan civilizations. Indigenous people cultivated tobacco for use during rituals and social context. It was a product for trade and often exchanged between tribes as peace offerings. (6) In 1492, European societies first became aware of tobacco during Christopher Columbus’s trip to the Americas. Columbus observed the Native American people utilizing the plant as a universal medicine and for its physiological effects. Tobacco later became a major crop in Spain and quickly distributed among European Countries. (6) Nicotiana tabacum Tobacco
Native American Medicinal Usages Tobacco was cultivated by native tribes throughout the Americas for its medicinal properties. The leaves contained a chemical compound called alkaloid nicotine which acts a stimulant and provides mental relief. Often used for topical treatments, the leaves were prepared into a poultice which requires them to be crushed and moistened in to a paste like consistence. (7) The poultice would then be applied to treat swellings, skin infections, cuts and oral related pain areas. Native American’s also constructed smoke enemas which provided relief for lower abdominal and gut pains. Some of the common tobacco habitual practices was to smoke the leaves or chew them during high stress events or even war. (4) Nicotiana tabacum Tobacco Medical textbook published in Berne, Switzerland, 1776. Reproduced in André Holenstein (Ed. ): Berns goldene Zeit, p. 76 ISBN 978 -3 -7272 -1281 -9
European Adaptations In the early 1500’s when tobacco was first brought to Europe, there was not a universal acceptance between all countries. Tobacco was predominantly used for physiological effects and quickly adapted for habitual use. During this time smoking tobacco was nicknamed “ smoking liquid” for its ability to bring added pleasure to social activities. Many royalty leaders such as King James I of England attempted to outlaw the product by advertising smoking as a dangerous substance to the lungs, eyes and nose. (6) Despite tobacco’s controversial understanding, it remained a strong economic trade product due to its high interest between merchants and sellers. Cultivation of the plant spread through most of Europe with England eventually becoming one of the largest purchasers of tobacco. (6) Nicotiana tabacum Tobacco Courtesy Heal Collection, Department of Prints and Drawings, British Museum
Tobacco and Slavery “Millions of lives revolved around tobacco” (10) Smithsonian National Museum of American History With much of the English economy being driven by tobacco trade, the desire to meeting the needs of the American and European people lead to the use of slavery as the predominate source of labor. Tobacco consumption by the colonial population drastically altered American history by contributing to the act of enslaving African people to cultivate and processed Cultivating Tobacco 1797 Benjamin Henry Latrobe, Sketchbook, III, 33 Nicotiana tabacum Tobacco the tobacco production. (10)
Modern Tobacco Usage By the 1900’s tobacco in the America’s and Europe was mainly sold in the form of cigarettes. (6) It’s health benefits no longer held the same representation as a cure for all ailments. Advancements in science and the understanding of medicine provided new reasoning for the general interest towards tobacco products. Cigarettes though popular to this day, are known for contributing to cancer risks, lung issues and overall M Hilton, Smoking in British Popular Culture, bad health. Eventually this led to new practices and laws that restricted the use of tobacco products in the United States. Nicotiana tabacum Tobacco
Leaf Descriptions by La Aurora Volado – The bottom leaves are used to keep the cigar burning as it contains the least amount of oils and flavors. (9) Seco – This section adds a mild flavor to cigars but still contains sufficient Viso – This set of leaves have more oil strength then the leaves prior. (9) Ligero – amounts of oils and nicotine. (9) Contains the most oil for overall cigar strength. (9) The leaf is the only part of the tobacco plant used for the production of goods. Stems and roots are discarded and placed back into the ground for decomposition. Nicotiana tabacum Tobacco
© 2017 REUTERS/Siphiwe Sibeko Grown, Harvest and Cured The process for tobacco production depends on the region and culture but can be broken down into the following steps. (3) Seed Germination - Seeds are grown in an enclosed seeds beds with a mixture of manure and topsoil. Field is tilled the year prier and propagated with Field Preparation - young plants in late spring. Rows are established Early Growth Cultivation - During the early growing stages, the field is weeded and watered to strengthen plants. Once the plants reaches the proper height, the bottom leaves are cut 2 -4 pieces at a time. The leaves are tied onto a pole or string and hung to dry. Drying / Curing - If available, the cut leaves are stored under a roof structure. After sufficient drying, the leaves are organized into clean http: //cubasi. com/cuba/item/11770 -cuba-sees-best-tobacco-harvest-in-decade Nicotiana tabacum Tobacco Stacked for Shipment - stacks and shipped to near by cities or countries for trade and production.
© 2017 REUTERS/Siphiwe Sibeko Environmental Concerns Commercial tobacco farms require large amounts of land that is often leads to deforestation and land degradation. Without proper rotation of mono crops, the land becomes degraded and contain high concentrations of pesticides. Tobacco plants require large amounts of water in arid climates that often take away from human supply. (1) Health Consumption Concerns Tobacco farms and product consumption leads to high risk health issues. Exposure to farm pesticides can lead to skin and respiratory problems. (1) Post-Production Concerns 90% of farms exist in poor and middle class countries that lack basic resources. Tobacco products often leads to irresponsible post -consumer waste disposal. Harmful chemical have become concentrated in human environments with strong concern towards Nicotiana tabacum Tobacco drinkable water. (1)
www. walmart. com SMOKE RELATED PRODUCTS www. mahagro. com FRAGERANCE PRODUCTS OIL BASED PRODUCTS Modern Tobacco Products
https: //www. mahagro. com/products/tobacco-pesticide Description - www. walmart. com Tobacco based pesticides is used to control insects on vegetable, fruit trees, ornamentals, shrubs, flowers and gardens. Kills pests on contact and is an organic option for pest control. The concentrated oil is mixed with water and applied to plants. (2) Ingredients - 100% Tobacco Oil Product research is in response to health related risks with traditional tobacco products. (5) “Tobacco, used on a small scale as a natural organic pesticide for hundreds of years, is getting new scientific attention as a potential mass produced alternative to traditional commercial pesticides. ” (5) “Experimental Investigations into the Insecticidal, Fungicidal, and Bactericidal Properties of Pyrolysis Bio-oil from Tobacco Leaves Using a Fluidized Bed Pilot Plant” (5) Michael Woods ACS News Service Weekly Press. Pac: October 27, 2010
Image sources Guy Livesay, Beautiful Tobacco flower in the field beside Big Mill, 2018, Big Mill Bed & Breakfast, Williamston, North Carolina, https: //bigmill. com/grounds. html. Accessed 9/29/2018. Tobacco Harvest. [Digital Image] CUBA SEES BEST TOBACCO HARVEST IN DECADE. Cuba. Si, 2017, Pinar del Rio, Cuba, http: //cubasi. com/cuba/item/11770 -cuba-sees-best-tobacco-harvest-in-decade. Accessed 9/29/2018. Siphiwe Sibeko, A farmworker stands near a tobacco field on a farm east of Harare, Zimbabwe, Human Rights Watch, 2017, Harare, Zimbabwe, https: //www. hrw. org/news/2018/04/05/zimbabwe-tobacco-work-harmingchildren. Accessed 9/29/2018. La Aurora, The tobacco plant, what are the best leaves? 2018, LA Aurora Cigars, Santiago de los Caballeros, República Dominicana, https: //www. laaurora. com. do/the-tobacco-plant-what-are-the-best-leaves/? lang=en. Accessed 9/29/2018. : The Tobacco Atlas [website] (http: //www. tobaccoatlas. org/topic/growing-tobacco/). Unknown , 1776. Reproduced in André Holenstein (Ed. ): Berns goldene Zeit, p. 76 ISBN 978 -3 -7272 -1281 -9. https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Tobacco_smoke_enema#/media/File: Tobacco_smoke_enema_device. jpg. Tobacco ad card, Newman’s best Virginia, 1700 s, Heal Collection, Department of Prints and Drawings, British Museum, http: //americanhistory. si. edu/onthewater/exhibition/1_3. html. Cultivating Tobacco 1797 Benjamin Henry Latrobe, Sketchbook, III, 33, https: //b-womeninamericanhistory 19. blogspot. com/2017/01/slaves-working. html. M Hilton, Smoking in British Popular Culture, 1800 -2000 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000, http: //broughttolife. sciencemuseum. org. uk/broughttolife/themes/publichealth/smoking. Primitive Methodist Anti-Cigarette League. To thine own self be true : I promise by the help of GOD, for my own sake, and as an example to others, to abstain from the use of Tobacco in every form, until I am at least 21 years of age. . . / The Primitive Methodist Anti-Cigarette League. London : Primitive Methodist Sunday School Union, 1906. http: //catalogue. wellcomelibrary. org/record=b 1655705 Tobacco plants growing in a field in Intercourse, Pennsylvania, 2006 Unknown, Product / Ingredients, Tobacco Pesticide 3, https: //www. mahagro. com/products/tobacco-pesticide LAMINATED POSTER Cigar Tobacco Cigar With Leaf Tobacco Leaf Poster Print 24 x 36. https: //www. walmart. com/ip/LAMINATED-POSTER-Cigar-Tobacco-Cigar-With-Leaf-Tobacco-Leaf-Poster-24 x 16 -Adhesive. Decal/980818392 https: //wetshavingproducts. com/products/formula-t-fragrance-set-pre-shave-soap-aftershave-tobacco
Literature sources 1. World Health Organization, “Tobacco and its environmental impact: on overview, ” Switzerland, 2017 http: //apps. who. int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/255574/9789241512497 eng. pdf; jsessionid=3275 ADE 66 A 4253 C 2 AA 98 EFEE 39 EAF 65 E? sequence=1. Accessed 29 Sept 2018 2. https: //www. mahagro. com/products/tobacco-pesticide 3. Wikipedia contributors. "Cultivation of tobacco. " Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 24 Sep. 2018. Web. 30 Sep. 2018. 4. Wikipedia contributors. "Tobacco smoke enema. " Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 12 Oct. 2017. Web. 30 Sep. 2018. 5. Michael Woods, “ Tobacco and its evil cousin nicotine are good as a pesticide” 2010, ACS Chemistry for life, https: //www. acs. org/content/acs/en/pressroom/presspacs/2010/acs-presspac-october-27 -2010/tobacco-andits-evil-cousin-nicotine-are-good-as-a-pesticide. html. Accessed 29 Sept 2018 6. Jason Young, “ The history of tobacco and its growth throughout the world, ” Stanford. edu. https: //web. stanford. edu/class/e 297 c/trade_environment/health/htobacco. html. Accessed 29 Sept 2018 7. Agatha Novelle, “How to make a poultice with dried and fresh herbs, ” 2015. The Herb Alacademy. https: //theherbalacademy. com/how-to-make-a-poultice-with-herbs/. Accessed 29 Sept 2018 8. Wikipedia contributors. "Nicotiana tabacum. " Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 21 Sep. 2018. Web. 30 Sep. 2018. 9. La Aurora, The tobacco plant, what are the best leaves? 2018, LA Aurora Cigars, Santiago de los Caballeros, República Dominicana, https: //www. laaurora. com. do/the-tobacco-plant-what-are-the-best-leaves/? lang=en. Accessed 9/29/2018. 10. One the water Exhibition, “ New Tastes new Trades, ” Smithsonian Natural Museum of American History, Kenneth E. Behring Center, Washinton DC. http: //americanhistory. si. edu/onthewater/exhibition/1_3. html 30 Sep. 2018.
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