To what extent are the principles of liberalism

To what extent are the principles of liberalism viable? Economic Freedom Individual Rights and Freedoms Competition Private Property Rule of Law Self Interest

Another Question? • To what extent should governments reflect the will of the people? OR Authoritarian

Viable Capable of working successfully; feasible. "the proposed investment was economically viable" Does Liberalism Work? synonyms: workable, feasible, practical, applicable, usable, manageable, operational, possible, within the bounds/realms of possibility, within reach, within reason, likely, achievable, attainable, accomplishable, realizable, reasonable, sensible, realistic, logical, useful, of use, serviceable, suitable, expedient, effective, valid, tenable;

Today • Covering chapter 10 30 -1 and chapter 11 30 -2.

Democracy 1) Defining the will of the people 2) Democratic Practices 3) Senate Article

The Will of the People The collective wishes of the people of a state. A democratically elected government will usually attempt to determine these wishes and make decisions based on them. John Locke -social contract

The Will of the People 1) How can the collective wishes of all Canadians be gathered? 2) What are some challenges for gathering the wishes? 3) How does our system of government create opportunities or challenges with this?

Pg. 337 Democracy pg. 282 • Direct or Representative • Parts of Direct democracy: -initiatives (USA) -referendums or plebiscites (Charlottetown Accord, only three in our federal history) -recall (Only BC has it right now)

Pg. 338 - 343 Representative Pg. 282 • Responsible government- uses both executive and legislative branches (vote of nonconfidence) Montesquieu Separations of Powers • Republican system in the United States uses a system of checks and balances • United States has set elections for House Representatives every two years and Senators are every six years (senators are a staggered election)

Different Legislative Bodies • Bicameral- lower and upper house (both are represented differently in Canada and in the states)

Voting systems used • Single-member constituency- first-past-thepost (Canada uses this) • Proportional Representation (Sweden uses this) • Fairvote. ca (Lobby Group/ Interest Group)

Voting Systems • Complete page 344 -345 in the 30 -1 textbook - Complete as a group. • Complete page 285 in the 30 -2 textbook - Complete as a group

Source A “The most certain test by which we judge whether a country is really free is the amount of security enjoyed by minorities. ” 1. What ideology is the source referencing relative to liberalism and how do you know? What kind of action is it encouraging individuals or government to do? 2. What is the context of the source? Explain. 3. What is the creator's perspective/opinion/message? What is in the source that leads you to this conclusion? 4. How does this link to liberalism? 5. What evidence (social studies knowledge) can you draw upon to show the perspective of the source is further illustrated?

Liberalism and The Aboriginal Experience Parts of Ch. 9 301 all the chapters 30 -2 What you need to know government legislation that was used to impose liberal European ideas on the Aboriginals. (50%) What you could learn how the Aboriginal ideas were against some parts of liberalism and how it relates to European liberalism. (80%) What you might learn if you are able to impose an ideology on a different group of people.

Is it fair if a minority can not be properly represented? Watch the movie and answer 1) Are Canada’s Aboriginal population fairly represented in Canada’s government? 2) What are some reasons that Aboriginals choose not to vote? 3) If Aboriginals choose not to vote is their will being heard? 4) What kind of changes need to be made in order to encourage Aboriginals to vote?

History • First Nations and Europeans were very different. (collective identities and living to different ideologies) • First Nations saw the relationship as sovereign nation where they were separate distinct and equal

Contrasting Differences • Europeans during the 20 th century were focusing on progress and were following an ideology of modernism.

Land Issues • Europeans and First Nations had very different ideas about land holdings • Land belongs to the Creator (Laws of Sacred Life) • Treaties were signed so the First Nations would peacefully allow the immigrants settling Canada to own their land. • Land was sold for financial compensation and social/economic benefits and continued use of some land resources.

Why were there problems? 1) British did not trust oral agreements so they demand to use the European style treaties. PROBLEM SINCE most First Nation tribes were not hierarchical 2) Translation issues. (No words, dishonest, Misunderstandings) 3) Eurocentrism (The belief that Europeans were superior to the Indigenous people)

Assimilation • Was done to get Aboriginals to adopt liberal ideology and European way of life • Residential school system- forced schooling • Enfranchisement- only allowing aboriginal men the right to vote if they gave up their Indian status • Indian Act- an act that categorized and was created by the government to control the Aboriginals

Assimilation • Gradual Civilization Act (1857)- If you gave up your Indian status you got the right to vote and 50 acres of land on the reserve. Also would receive his share of the treaty settlements and other band money • Only one person used this act.

The White Paper • Pierre Trudeau (dreamed of federal pluralist Canada) • The white paper proposed to abolish the treaties • It abolished everything that kept the First Nations separate • Was seen as a hostile attempt to assimilate since Trudeau never asked the First Nations

The Red Paper (Citizens Plus) • Was in response to the white paper • Outlined wants from the First Nations about how their relationship should be with the government.

The Red Paper - Only First Nations and Inuit and their organizations should be given the resources and responsibility to determine their own priorities and future development lines - The government wrongly thinks that the Crown owns reserve lands. The Crown merely “holds” such lands, though they belong to First Nations and Inuit peoples can only own land in the Old World, European sense of land ownership. Therefore, First Nations and Inuit should be allowed to control land in a way that respects both historical and legal rights

Questions 1)The white paper best represents what liberal idea? Classical or Modern 2) The Red Paper responses come from what historical issues? 3) What kind of liberal idea would the First Nations most likely see as working with their group and the government?

Current Issues • Land claims and non-fulfillment of treaty rights • 1982 Aboriginal and Treaty rights became part of Canada’s laws

Nisga’a Final Agreement • Gave the Nisga complete control over their land resources • Parts of the agreement include -reasonable public access to land resources -can restrict access in certain situations -laws passed by self-government must be approved by provincial or federal gov’t

The Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples • Created by the federal government to examine government policy with the Aboriginals. Three main recommendations were found: 1) The creation of legislation recognizing the sovereignty of the Aboriginal peoples 2) The creation of institutions of Aboriginal selfgovernment 3) The creation of initiatives to address social education, health and housing needs

Following the Will of the People Game Follow the instruction in the package.

Terms Dash • As quickly as possible match the definitions to the terms. • Then Start Reading “ The Demise of Democracy” High Light important ideas, things you don’t understand questions you have about the article.

Imposing Liberalism (Review) 1) How does an ideology spread? 2) What are some reason’s why Liberalism was implemented in Canada? 3) Why did Canada try to impose Liberalism on the Aboriginal people? Cold War

What are two reasons to impose liberalism? • Self-interest- to eliminate or reduce terrorist threats, or for reasons of economic selfinterest • Humanitarianism- for moral or ethical reasons, such as improving living conditions.

Imposing Liberalism Self- Interest • Economic self-interest- liberal democracies has both economic and security benefits. It will encourage trade with other liberal democracies. • Self-interest countries that embrace liberalism are less likely to threaten the security of other liberal democracies. (War on Terror)

Imposing for Humanitarian Reasons • Intervention for moral or ethical reasons, such as the living conditions of the population.

Identify the following as being selfinterest or humanitarian 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Under the Taliban, Afghan women were not allowed to leave the house or have an education Denying a country’s acceptance to the World Trade Organisation Following World War One, the creation of a peace treaty whose focus was to prevent another war The invasion of Afghanistan following the terrorist attack of 9/11 Members of the European Union are encouraged to adopt the Euro as their currency The invasion of Iraq following the terrorist attack of 9/11. Canada joined NATO in order to become part of a collective security organization

How should government’s reflect the will of the people? 1. Discussion about collective and individual rights 2. Exploring some documents that outline those rights 3. Exploring a case study

Focus • What you should learn that governments need to balance individual and collective rights. (50%-60%) • What you could learn how specific bills/ governments try to balance those rights. (60% -75%) • What you might learn how to argue your opinion about what is most important in our government balancing our needs.

The Common Good • The good of a community; something that benefits the public health, safety, and/or wellbeing of society as a whole • Will of the people- the collective wishes of the people of a state. A democratically elected government will usually attempt to determine these wishes and make decisions based on them.

Which political System offers the greatest degree of freedom for its citizens? Which political system offers the greatest degree of equality for its citizens? • Fundamental Rights- Life, liberty (freedom) and personal safety. • Canada has the Charter of Rights and Freedoms that is entrenched in our constitution to protect those rights

How is our Constitution amended? Before 1982, modifying the Constitution of Canada primarily meant amending the British North America Act, 1867. Unlike most constitutions, however, this Act had no amending formula: instead changes were enacted through Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom (or "Imperial Parliament") called the British North America Acts. To make an amendment, the federal government, on behalf of the Canadian House of Commons and the Senate, would issue an address to the British government requesting an amendment, and would include a resolution containing the desired amendments. These in turn, were always passed by the British Parliament, with little or no debate.

How is our Constitution amended? Most amendments can be passed only if identical resolutions are adopted by the House of Commons, the Senate and two thirds or more of the provincial legislative assemblies representing at least 50 per cent of the national population. This formula, which is outlined in section 38 of the Constitution Act, 1982, is officially referred to as the "general amendment procedure" and is known colloquially as the "7+50 formula".

How is our Constitution amended? Amending the Canadian Constitution is a topic of great debate in Canada. There seems to be general agreement among provincial governments that some parts of the Constitution need to be amended to deal with long-standing demands from many provinces. There are demands by western provinces for a greater share of power at the federal level, and demands from Quebec for greater protection for its status as a "distinct society". Quebec, in particular, has not formally agreed to the Constitution Act, 1982, although this is symbolic and does not affect the legal applicability of the Act. Nevertheless, agreement on details of amendments has been elusive. Further complicating attempts to amend the Constitution is the complexity of the procedure for doing so, which in most cases requires approval from both the federal parliament and two-thirds of the provincial governments representing at least 50 per cent of the population, and in some cases require the approval of the federal government and all ten provincial governments. The 1987 Meech Lake Accord, a package of constitutional amendments, intended to deal with long-standing concerns of western provinces and demands from the Province of Quebec, failed in 1990 when it was not ratified by all ten provincial governments. The last attempt at a comprehensive package of constitutional amendments was the Charlottetown Accord, which arose out of the failure of the Meech Lake Accord. The Charlottetown Accord was defeated in a national referendum in 1992. There have been several relatively minor amendments to the Constitution since it was patriated in 1982 including amendments dealing with provincial schooling in Newfoundland Quebec and the changing of the name of Newfoundland to Newfoundland Labrador (see below). Although the amending formula has not been formally altered, the Canadian government under Prime Minister Jean Chrétien after the 1995 Quebec referendum recognized regional vetoes over proposed amendments, held by the provinces of Ontario, Quebec and British Columbia, and by the regions the Prairies (Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba) and the Atlantic (New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland Labrador, and Prince Edward Island).

Individual Rights • There are limits to individual rights. • You do not have the right to take away someone else's rights.

Question • Using the source below the author believes that individual rights need to be balanced with a) Government authority b) Minority rights c) Collective Rights d) Nothing individual rights should be absolute “ a society includes minorities of different kinds, and these minorities are inclined to believe that constitutions and characters exist not only to protect individuals against the unfettered power of the state, but also to protect minorities against the domination or negligence of the majority. ”

Collective vs Individual Rights 1) Define collective and individual 2) Create a fake country. Its going to be a democratic country. Using your ch. 10 and ch. 11 work sheets list three democratic policies that your country will use. 3) Brainstorm a list of rights you want to have protected in your country.

Security What does your utopian security look like in your country? Can you leave lawn gnomes out or do they need to be nailed down?

Collective vs Individual Rights Which of the following rights are most important for a collective? • Security • mobility • freedom of speech • freedom of religion • right of assembly • freedom of expression

Why might government choose to reject the principles of liberalism in some cases? The Anti-Smoking movement is promoting the exclusion of 5 000 Canadians who consume a legal product and who contribute a significant amount of Tax Revenues to this nation and its provinces. People are being harassed and assaulted by Anti-Smokers and these people seem to feel they are entitled to do so because the government is backing them. Our elected representatives do nothing to protect the rights of 20 percent of the population who smoke and who also vote. We feel that this has to stop and that Smokers should be recognized as a Visible Minority in Canada and subject to the same rights and freedoms as other Visible Minorities, most importantly the protection from Hate Crimes and abuse.

Section I: Tobacco Use Among Canadian Adults (15+), 2010 Smoking Prevalence � 16. 7% of Canadians (approximately 4. 7 million) were current smokers. � The majority of smokers reported smoking daily (13. 1% daily/3. 7% non‐daily prevalence). � Although prevalence is at an all‐time low, the decline in smoking prevalence observed over the past 10 years appears to have slowed. � Prevalence was higher among males (19. 7%) than females (13. 8%). � Smoking prevalence was highest among young adults (age 20‐ 24), at 22. 1%. � Substantial differences in smoking prevalence by education level persisted over the last decade, despite declining prevalence. � There were significant differences between provinces in smoking prevalence. What is one argument using the following information that would explain why it is ok for the government to restrict people’s right to smoke? A) Most people who smoke are too young to get involved in politics B) Smoking effects people’s health C) People who smoke are declining and there for they are a minority D) Less people are becoming smokers because of the negative health concerns of smoking

Facts about smoking � � • � The truth about smoking 1. Tobacco kills about 37, 000 Canadians a year. 2. There are over 4, 000 dangerous chemicals in cigarettes, cigars and pipes smoke. Many of these chemicals are cancer-causing (carcinogen). 3. Smokers are at very high risk for many diseases: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD, including emphysema and chronic bronchitis), Lung cancer, Cancer of the mouth, lip, throat and voice box, Cancer of the pancreas, Breast cancer, Cervical cancer, Stomach cancer, Liver cancer Kidney cancer, Bladder cancer, Leukemia, Coronary heart disease (e. g. , heart attacks) Circulatory problems, High blood pressure, High cholesterol (LDL), Pneumonia, Influenza (the "flu"), The common cold, Peptic ulcers, Tooth decay (cavities), Gum disease, Osteoporosis, Sleep problems, Cataracts 4. Second-hand smoke causes most of the serious health listed above, and more. Physicians for a Smoke-Free Canada estimate that every year, second-hand smoke kills from 1100 - 7800 Canadians ( Reference - Physicians for a Smoke-Free Canada fact sheet- PDF).

Taken all together the three sources on smoking would answer the following question? A) B) C) D) To what extent should individual rights be limited to promote healthier life styles? To what extent should individual rights be protected to ensure minority rights are represented? To what extent does the government influence individuals in their lifestyle choices? To what extent does smoking affect people’s quality of life?

STOP � The test slides following will be on part 2 of the

Censorship � Is against Liberalism Because it limits people’s Individual rights and freedoms for the collective interest or collective responsibility � Liberal Governments will censor citizens responses during times of war ( Afghanistan war soldiers encouraged to be careful in using social media)

Rejecting the Principles of Liberalism

To what extent do democratic governments have a responsibility to adhere to the principles of liberalism during times of conflict? � Liberal principles may need to be limited in three circumstances: 1) war 2) Emergency 3) Environmental Crisis � During these times liberal democracies restrict people’s movement, control people’s access to information, and limit people’s rights, freedoms and choices � Should be short term in a Liberal Democracy � Usually are not applied to everyone but to certain groups or individuals

Civil Liberties Civil liberties are civil rights and freedoms that provide an individual specific rights. Though the scope of the term differs amongst various countries, some examples of civil liberties include the freedom from slavery and forced labor, freedom from torture and death, the right to liberty and security, freedom of conscience, religion, expression, press, assembly and association, speech, the right to privacy, the right to equal treatment and due process and the right to a fair trial, as well as the right to life. Other civil liberties may also include the right to own property, the right to defend oneself, and the right to bodily integrity.

War Measures Act � Invoked only three times � The following reasons were used by the Canadian government to explain why the Act was used: -It was necessary for the overall good of society -It was justified because of the threat or severe nature of the situation -It was essential to protect, retain, or secure other principles of liberalism

War Measures Act � Gave the federal cabinet emergency powers when times were unstable (war, invasion, ect. ) � It allows the cabinet to govern by decree rather than through discussion and debate

War Measures Act � First used during WWI: immigrants from Germany, Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire who were living in Canada were considered enemy aliens � Enemy aliens were required to register with the Canadian government and carry their government -issued ID cards at all times. � Restricted what they could read (only English or French) and where they could go � Several thousand enemy aliens were deported or sent to internment camps and their property was confiscated

War Measures Act � Used during WWII to intern and place restrictions on the freedoms of Japanese-Canadians � Nearly 23 000 Japanese-Canadians were placed in internment camps � An area along BC coast was set up as a safe ground and Japanese Canadians were told to go their with one suitcase � Women and children were sent to the interior of BC to internment camps that were impoverished � At the end of the war Japanese- Canadians were given the option to return to Japan or relocate east of the Rocky Mountains

War Measures Act � The October Crisis 1970 � Was caused by the Quiet Revolution (which modernized Quebec) � Some Francophones Quebecois strongly desired greater protection of their language and culture and wanted opportunities for participation in the economy of Quebec � Some people thought the changes were too slow. They supported violence terrorism or other illegal means. They formed the FLQ

War Measures Act � During the 1960 s the FLQ used a series of bombings and armed robberies to further its goals � October 5, 1970 the FLQ abducted British trade commissioner James Cross � October 10, 1970 the kidnapping and subsequent murder of Pierre Laporte � Within day the armed forces were sent to protect politicians � Prime Minister Trudeau invoked the War Measures Act on October 16, 1970

War Measures Act � Civil liberties were suspended and the FLQ were formally outlawed � People were accused of being members of the FLQ � 500 people arrested without warrants (many of these people were supporters of Quebecois nationalism � Were seen as extreme since kidnapping and murder usually would be solved using police/ existing law � Another criticism was that the government acted on limited information and treated all separatist supporters as potential terrorists.

War Measures Act and October Crisis � The 1) 2) actions of the federal government during the October Crisis can appear very different to us today than it did to Canadians at the time. Under the circumstances in October 1970, do you believe the federal government's actions were appropriate? What other alternatives could Trudeau have used to deal with the FLQ without rejecting the principles of Liberalism during this crisis?

Emergencies Act 1988 � Replaced the War Measures Act � Was influenced by the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms � Includes more safeguards to protect the rights of Canadians � It limits the powers of the gov’t during the time of the crisis (need to be approved by parliament) � Needs to specifically state which parts of Canada the emergency measures apply to � Needs to take into considerations the rights of Canadians outlined in the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. If they are ignored then the people have a right to compensation.

Anti-Terrorism Act (Bills C-36 and C-42) � Defines what terrorism is � A criticism of the act is that it was not debated enough in the House of Commons � Gives police the ability to arrest people and withhold them without charge for up to 72 hours if they are suspected of planning a terrorist act. Also made it easier to access electronic surveillance

Canada’s No-Fly List � This is a list of people the government has identified as potentially posing an immediate threat to aviation security. � Is modeled after an American law � It is not publically available so people do not know if they are on the list

Canadian Policies War Measu res Act 1914 WWI War Measure s Act 1942 1920 interme nt camps close WWII War Measure s Act 1970 Octob er Crisis Emergen cy Act 1988 Ensure Canadia n rights and freedo ms during uncertai n events Anti. Terroris m Act 2001 911

United States: Patriot Act Providing Appropriate tools required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act � Response to 911 � Used to deter and punish terrorist acts in the USA � Some groups like the American Civil Liverties Union were opposed to the act since it endangers personal liberties � Allows the federal government to obtain sensitive customer records from Internet service providers and other businesses without first obtaining a search warrant.

Liberalism and the Economy

What are some characteristics of a liberal democracy? • Characteristics of liberalism: The rule of law, individual rights and freedoms private property, economic freedom selfinterest, competition, human rationality, Equality of all people, helping disadvantaged individuals, and sharing benefits of industry fairly.

Truths • A free market economy will lead to inequality • Free markets are not stable (Great Depression) • A gap between the rich and the poor means that everyone does not have the same opportunities

Economic Equality • Egalitarianism -People should own the means of production collectively -Guaranteed annual income • Equality of Opportunity -Minimum wage -no discrimination in hiring workers • Equitable Distribution of Income -All people should earn equal wages for work of similar value. -Progressive Taxation (People with larger incomes should pay taces at a higher rate than people with lower incomes)

3 Choices for Economic Equality Egalitarianism Equitable distribution of income Equal opportunity

Defined • Egalitarianism- an ideology that holds that all people should be treated as equals and have the same political, civil, economic and social rights under the law. • Equitable distribution of income and wealth. The idea that all people should earn equal income for work of similar value and that people with larger incomes should pay taxes at a higher rate then people with lower incomes, in order to provide state-run social welfare programs that support those with lower incomes • Equal opportunity- policies and practices in employment and other areas that do not discriminate against individuals on the basis of race, colour, age, gender, national origin, religion or mental or physical disability.

Question How much economic equality do you think there is in Canada? Give Reasons for your ideas

Answer Key Messages • Canada gets a “C” grade and ranks 12 th out of 17 peer countries. • A significant increase in income inequality occurred in Canada between 2000 and 2006. • The empirical research results regarding the trade-off between income inequality and economic growth are inconclusive.

Question • If the federal government were to remove any of your rights for the perceived common good, what individual or collective rights would you be most concerned about losing? What individual rights or collective rights would you be most willing to temporarily suspend for the perceived common good? To what extent would your beliefs and values be conflicted during your decision making?

Breaking Apart Political Cartoons 1) What tools is the artist using?

1. What message is the artist trying to portray in the cartoon? 2. What techniques is the cartoonist using?

A quote “ Taliban forced women to wear hijab and France forced women to remove it; what is the difference as far as the issue of human rights is concerned? . . . Muslim women in Arab and Muslim states are criticized for staying home. The French ban is designed to force French Muslim women (to stay) at home. ”

Pop Quiz 1) What is one reason why a countries may try to force liberalism onto another country? 2) Give one way democracies allow citizens to participate in the government. 3) Name one type of voting system or describe one type of voting system. 4) What is the main difference between direct and representative democracy?

Liberalism • A collection of ideologies all committed to the principle of the dignity and freedom of the individual as the foundation for society. Liberalism has faith in human progress and tends to favor decentralized power, both in political and economic affairs and respect for the sovereignty of the reasoning individual. Create a list of events that reject this principle.