To Kill a Mockingbird Chapters 12 15 Chapter

To Kill a Mockingbird Chapters 12 -15 Chapter Summaries The Black Community Character Developments Lynchings & Lynch Mobs

CHAPTER SUMMARIES To Kill a Mockingbird Chapters 12 -15 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 • Jem and Scout’s changing relationship • Atticus returns to state legislature • Calpurnia takes Jem & Scout to her church – reaction/welcome • Scout finds out about alleged rape • Aunt Alexandra comes to take care of children • Maycomb takes to Alexandra positively • Development of contrast between “proper” and “improper” by the characters • Jem & Scout feel community looking at them • Jem & Scout fight about Alexandra/Calpur nia • Dill ran away to Finch’s house Chapter 15 • Further contrast of “right” and “wrong” brought on by Alexandra • Lynch Mob comes to jail but is broken up by Scout’s speech

THE BLACK COMMUNITY The black community is introduced as a very spirited, upbeat and supportive group. To Kill a Mockingbird Chapters 12 -15 Calpurnia connects the black community and the white community The effect is that it makes the racial prejudice more hateful – nobody in the community respects Bob Ewell but the community sides with him because of the colour of his skin. The majority of the black community cannot read and they are poor, but they support their own members Church patrons have no hymnals, have no money – but still are able to support Mrs. Robinson Her use of language Her disagreements with Alexandra

To Kill a Mockingbird CHARACTER DEVELOPMENTS Chapters 12 -15 Jem Growing up Has learned lessons Scout As the novel progresses, the relationship between Jem and Scout changes. They begin to separate. Childhood innocence Still learning lessons ”Lost” from all that is happening Calpurnia Aunt Jem Scout becomes influenced by three sources in these four chapters. What do each “tell” her? Alexandra Scout

LYNCHINGS & LYNCH MOBS Lynching was a form of punishment for a presumed crime, often carried out by a mob or vigilantes without trial or any legal support. Lynching was a practice that occurred throughout the United States, (particularly in the south) against blacks accused of crimes against whites. Research shows that many of the crimes did not actually occur or were exaggerated. The hanging of an empty noose around a tree was a threat of intimidation against blacks and those who supported them. To Kill a Mockingbird Chapters 12 -15 Some Southern states seemed to support lynchings for awhile. For example, the Governor of South Carolina, Benjamin Tillman, (d. 1918) once said: "We of the South have never recognized the right of the negro to govern white men, and we never will. We have never believed him to be the equal of the white man, and we will not submit to his gratifying his lust on our wives and daughters without lynching him. "

LYNCHINGS & LYNCH MOBS Thousands of Americans were victims of lynchings from the 1860 s to the 1960 s Lynchings were often public spectacles attended by many – some even proud to stand in front of the victim for photographs Seven Presidents who tried to outlaw lynchings were unsuccessful as the laws were voted against. It is now a crime and even tying an empty noose as a sign of hatred is illegal The poem Strange Fruit explores the idea of lynchings from an outsider’s perspective: To Kill a Mockingbird Chapters 12 -15 --Strange Fruit Southern trees bear a strange fruit, Blood on the leaves and blood at the root, Black body swinging in the Southern breeze, Strange fruit hanging from the poplar trees. Pastoral scene of the gallant South, The bulging eyes and the twisted mouth, Scent of magnolia sweet and fresh, And the sudden smell of burning flesh! Here is a fruit for the crows to pluck, For the rain to gather, for the wind to suck, For the sun to rot, for a tree to drop, Here is a strange and bitter crop. Abel Meeropol, (1939)