Titon Chapter 10 The Arab World contd KHANDAN
Titon – Chapter 10 The Arab World (cont’d)
KHANDAN vs. MUSIQI • Chanting of Qur’an (vocal) • Free rhythm (nonmetrical) • Improvisatory (or sounds like) • Monophonic • Sacred • Traditional • Uses Instruments • Strict rhythms • Pre-composed • Polyphonic • Secular • Westernized
TAKHT • • • Traditional M. E. Instrumental Ensemble Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Jordan Ud, Buzuq, Violin – Chordophones (lutes) Qanun – Chordophone (box zither) Nay – Aerophone (reed flute) Riqq – Membranophone (hand drum/tambourine) • Ex. Michigan Arab Orchestra Takht Ensemble
OUD (or UD) Sound Example: You. Tube - Taqsim Oud maroc
Buzuq (Buzuk) Ex. Buzuq
Qanun Ex. Qanun Demonstration
Nay • Turkish Nay – usually 7 holes, w/ cap • Turkish Ney Tutorial - How to blow
RIQQ DAFF • Larger hand drum • Daff Solo • Hand Drum w/ jangles • The Riqq • Tobias Roberson tocando el riqq
“Al-Shaghal” (= “Obsession”) [Listening 10. 1 – p. 502] • • • “classical” Middle East instrumental ensemble Al Shaghal (excerpt – part of longer piece) Taqasim – solo improvisation Iqa’ [rhythm] – 8 -beat pattern (wahda), p. 500 Refrain (fixed melody, c. 0: 05), p. 504 (Heterophonic – similar, but not identical) • Ostinato (fixed pattern) (accompaniment), p. 504 • Improvisation – based on scale fragments • Audience response – Tarab (“ecstasy”)
Taqasim (Solo Improvisation) • Al-Bustan Arab Music Concert Series: A. J. Racy - A Bientot! (full ensemble – NOT improvisation) • Michigan Arab Orchestra Takht Ensemble - Qanun Taqasim / ( ﺗﻘﺎﺳﻴﻢ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ solo zither – qanun) • Michigan Arab Orchestra Takht Ensemble - Taqasim Nay / ( ﺗﻘﺎﺳﻴﻢ ﻧﺎﻱ solo flute – nay) • Michigan Arab Orchestra Takht Ensemble Oud Taqasim ( ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻋﻮﺩ ﻧﺸﻮﺍﻥ ﻓﺎﺿﻞ solo lute – oud)
Tuning Systems • Based on small melodic and scalar ideas • Intervals include “microtones” - smaller than ½ steps - “half sharp” and “half flat” (not quite so) • Ajnas – 3 -5 note collection (stepwise) • Ajnas (Wikipedia: “Arabic maqam”) • Grouped into “scale families” • Maqams – modes (based on ajnas) • Maqam World (detailed explanations)
Persian Ensemble • Persian Ensemble (compare to Arab) • Similar mix of Chordophones, Aerophone, and Membranophone (w/ vocalist) • Instruments favored in Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, etc. (further EAST) • One musical line , but NOT monophonic • Heterophonic – same musical line, but ORNAMENTED and varied
TAR Sound Example: Tar solo classical Persian Music
SEHTAR Sound Example: AFSHAR Siamak Nasr - Setar
Iranian NEY Sound Example: Persian NEY
SANTOUR Sound Example: Persian Santur Chaharmezrab Nava
KAMANCHEH Sound Example: You. Tube - Iranian Traditional Kamancheh Performance
DOMBAK or ZARB Sound Example 1: You. Tube persian drum Sound Example 2: You. Tube Persian drum (Rag-bar) farhad bazargan Sound Example 3: You. Tube Persian Tonbak (Zarb) Solo Sound Example 4: You. Tube Kevan Chemirani Zarb Solo
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