TITLE Factors affecting perception expectation 05 February 2022

TITLE: Factors affecting perception – expectation 05 February 2022 Last lesson Last week Last month What type of figure did Bruner & Minturn use in their study? Give another example of this type of illusion. What were the results of the Gilchrist & Nesberg’s study of motivation? What are the names of the two types of hypotheses that researchers write at the beginning of their research? A N Last year What is an extraneous variable? Give an example of one extraneous variable that Bruner & Minturn would have had to control in their experiment. Using your knowledge of Bruner & Minturn’s study of expectation write an example of a standardised instruction that they could have given to their participants. LO: To describe and explain Bruner & Minturn’s study of expectation.

Research Methods Whenever we learn about a new key study we should be trying to link this information to what you learnt in Research Methods. In the Bruner & Minturn study, they used counterbalancing as an experimental control. Let’s refresh our memory as to what this means … Counterbalancing – an arrangement in which half of the participants in an experiment are given the conditions in one order (A followed by B) while the other half are given them in the opposite order (B followed by A). LO: To describe and explain Bruner & Minturn’s study of expectation.

Evaluation Point Evidence Explanation One weakness of the study is that it used an artificial task. An ambiguous figure is designed to trick perception. This makes the results lack validity. Another weakness relates to the fact that there may be individual differences between groups This is because an independent groups design was used. This is an issue as differences in perception between the groups may have been due to participant variables rather than their expectations. One strength of this study is that it has real-life application. It can explain errors such as misidentifying an aircraft as an enemy plane because of expectations. This therefore helps to explain why people sometimes make serious mistakes on tasks in the real world. LO: To describe and explain Bruner & Minturn’s study of expectation.

1. Complete the handout. 2. Complete any unfinished tasks in your booklets. Describe one study of the effect of expectation on perceptual set and evaluate the research method used in that study. LO: To describe and explain Bruner & Minturn’s study of expectation.

Q 1. Bruner and Minturn tested the effects of expectation using: a. b. c. d. Depth cues Three dimensional pictures Photographs of everyday objects An ambiguous figure. LO: To describe and explain Bruner & Minturn’s study of expectation.

Q 2. The study design used in their study was: a. b. c. d. Matched pairs Repeated measures Independent groups Controlled participants. LO: To describe and explain Bruner & Minturn’s study of expectation.

Q 3. A weakness of Bruner and Minturn’s study was that: a. The task was not something that would occur in everyday life b. It has some serious ethical issues c. The stimulus was not very clear d. The participants had to draw the figure they thought they saw. LO: To describe and explain Bruner & Minturn’s study of expectation.

Q 4. According to Willingham, praise is most effective when it is: a. b. c. d. Unexpected Predictable Frequent Undeserved. LO: To describe and explain Bruner & Minturn’s study of expectation.

Q 5. An extraneous variable: a. b. c. d. Is deliberately changed in an experiment Is an uncontrolled variable that could affect the DV Is measured in an experiment Occurs only in field studies. LO: To describe and explain Bruner & Minturn’s study of expectation.