Title Ernest Hemingway On Paris Objective to annotate

Title: Ernest Hemingway - On Paris Objective: to annotate and interpret Hemingway ‘On Paris’ articles in preparation for a comparative ‘Remembered Places’ question https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=0 JQDe 0 GCNHg

Read the article and annotate – information that will help you understand Hemmingway’s style and views

24. 4. 17 Mode / Genre / Audience / Purpose Title: Ernest Hemingway - On Paris Objective: to annotate and interpret Hemingway ‘On Paris’ articles in preparation for a comparative ‘Remembered Places’ question Linguistic Lexical choices, semantic field, register, mode, verb phrase, compound adjective, verb process, modality… 1. Read the first article and try to sum up the tone in 10 words or fewer 2. What style techniques were you expecting and found? 3. What are his views of Paris: Parisians, artists and tourists? Nitty Gritty: Purpose Context Representation of Paris Can you find 3 quotes – literary and linguistic to show these areas are shown in the text? structure Literary Metaphor/similes, narrative voice, genre, personification, use of senses, vocabulary choices, analogy – describes one thing as another, juxtaposition, contrasts.

Glossary of Key terms • Register – level of formality • Semantic field – related terms of meaning • Mode – medium of communication - An unspecific critical term usually identifying a broad, but identifiable literary method, mood, or manner, that is not tied exclusively to a particular form or genre. [Some] examples are the satiric mode, the ironic, the comic, the pastoral, and the didactic. (Examples: Anecdotes, Autobiography, Biography, Novels, Oral history, Short story, Business letters reports and press releases , Journalism, news article, personal letters, wills, scientific journals and reports, academic papers, textbooks, references, technical standards, advertising copy, critical review, editorials, job applications, letter of recommendation, resumes, • Fiction writing modes - (Examples: Narration, Description, Exposition, Summarization, Introspection, Recollection, Sensation, Emotion, Action, Transition) • Verb phrase - a verb with another word or words indicating tense, mood, or person. • Compound adjective - A compound adjective is a single adjective made up of more than one word (e. g. , two-seater aircraft, free-range eggs). • Verb processes - Material verbs/clauses construe 'doing' (transitive verbs) and 'happening' (intransitive verbs) processes, which represent some 'material' or visible, tangible change in the flow of events or the environment, through input of energy. These verbs construe (=create and construct) our experience of the world. • Deixis - In linguistics, deixis refers to words and phrases, such as “me” or “here”, that cannot be fully understood without additional contextual information. (Temporal/spatial deixis) • Lexical choices - Lexical choice is the subtask of Natural language generation that involves choosing the content words (nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs) in a generated text. Function words (determiners, for example) are usually chosen during realisation. • Registers (phonology) - In phonology, a register or pitch register is a prosodic feature of syllables in certain languages, in which tone, vowel phonation, glottalization, or similar features depend upon each other. • Prosodics - is concerned with those elements of speech that are not individual phonetic segments (vowels and consonants) but are properties of syllables and larger units of speech. These contribute to linguistic functions such as intonation, tone, stress, and rhythm. Prosody may reflect various features of the speaker or the utterance: the emotional state of the speaker; the form of the utterance (statement, question, or command); the presence of irony or sarcasm; emphasis, contrast, and focus; or other elements of language that may not be encoded by grammar or by choice of vocabulary. • Lexis - In generative linguistics, a lexis or lexicon is the complete set of all possible words in a language. In this sense, children, child's and children's are four different words in the English lexicon. In systemic-functional linguistics, a lexis or lexical item is the way one calls a particular thing or a type of phenomenon. Since a lexis from a systemic-functional perspective is a way of calling, it can be realised by multiple grammatical words such as "The White House", "New York City" or "heart attack". Moreover, since a lexis is a way of calling, different words such as child, children, child's and children's may realise the same lexical item. • Evaluative adverbs and adjectives • Verbs of perception and sensory experience • Phonetics, Phonology Lexis and Semantics • Grammar and Syntax • Pragmatics • Discourse • Graphology

Terms to apply • • • Lexis Deixis Mode Prosodics Phonology Phonetics Pragmatics Discourse Semantics Graphology

Ideas for analysis Success criteria: Engage with your own work Explore exemplars Reflect on WWW and EBI Work independently

Example question for ‘Remembered Places’ Compare and contrast how the writer and speaker in these extracts present Paris. You should refer to both extracts in your answer and consider: - language choices made and their likely effects - the different audiences and purposes of the texts - aspects of mode (40 marks)

Breathless: An American Girl in Paris L. O. : to understand how intertextuality enriches the context of a narrative. In the ‘Remembered Places’ unit, consider: à The way in which speakers present places, societies, people and events. à The metaphorical nature of representations. à The influence of contextual factors (time, people, race, social class, gender – in relation to content and narrative). à Intertextuality and references in relation to the text. à Genre conventions and different purposes for communicating ideas and viewpoints. à How people and their relationships are realised. Tuesday 25 th April 2017

MGAP Mode – First person diary entry, epistolary (letter form). Genre – Non-fiction. Audience – adolescents on the cusp of adulthood, keen to explore the world and escape the control of their parents. Purpose – to convey Parisian culture, particularly within the arts and its liberal philosophy.

Paris Tourism The Louvre Notre Dame Eiffel Tower Sacre Coeur The Catacombs

Key references in Breathless: An American in Paris - ‘Waiting For Godard’ (Nancy Miller) Alain Resnais Jean Seberg An American In Paris Bertolt Brecht Jean-Paul Sartre Simone de Beauvoir Jean-Paul Belmondo Jean-Luc Godard Les Liasons Dangereuses (epistolary novel written Shylock’s ‘pound of flesh’ by Pierre Choderlos de in Shakespeare’s ‘The Laclos (1782) Merchant of Venice’ Waiting For Godot (by Samuel Beckett) French New Wave

Phonetics, Phonology and Prosodics Complaining, argumentative, contradicting language to allow France seem much more glamorous compared to her previous life. - “boring Barnard-girl” – bilabials make the text sound complaining and perhaps passionate or disgust along with plosive sounds: • “Paris”, “parents”, “price”. • Fricatives are used in the phrase “fatal flaw”. Gives a sarcastic tone which adds to the complaining or disgust with her parents opinions or ways. Aside that, “fatal flaw” is a well known idiom and relates to the one thing that will be your downfall (e. g. Macbeths ‘fatal flaw’ was ambition – he was too ambitious) • Diphthongs are used – “easily turn out the kinds of letters” – it makes her sound as if it was effortless as the two vowels are soft and merge together without any extra thought been put into it. • “Dazzle with detail while omitting the truth”. This sentence uses ‘dazzle with detail’ to create a façade – a front in which is glorifying while ‘omitting’ the truth. The use of the word ‘omitting’ is perhaps used because of the stressed ‘t’s (plosive sound, alveolar) are pushing out air and not allowing anything to pass – no secrets will be gained as it can appear as a block. As it’s a harsh sound (and again followed by ‘truth’ in which forces of air are exhaled in ‘th’ and ‘t’) it doesn’t let one think that they should even think there are secrets behind it because the words are clear and loud. There isn’t anything more to it. • Euphony is used when describing France to make it appear more pleasant and delightful: “had made everything French infinitely desirable” – the words “Infinitely desirable” have many vowels in which drag out the sound and soften the overall words but they also include other soft consonants, ‘r’, ‘f’, ‘s’ and the mix of ‘b’ and ‘l’ makes the sound roll smoothly. Patricia – her character in which helps make France appear more glamorous • • • Nancy Miller enhances Patricia’s independency by using words that start in vowels so that they do not roll into each other when said, and this adds to the effect of independency and awareness: “Patricia, seemed self-possessed, independent and unafraid”. “on her own” – instead of using a phrase such as ‘by herself’ or ‘alone’ she uses “on her own” to use the alliteration but also the ‘o’ sound in which separates from ‘her’ and implies self-sufficiency, and because it’s a stressed vowel it maybe adds pride to the voice – so she wasn’t afraid to be there in Paris on her own. She wasn’t ‘all by herself’ which might imply she was frightened. Her use of French words soften the sentence, and make them pleasant to say. A French accent flows nicely and puts a delightful tone towards France – “femmes d’interieur”, “Les Liaisons Dangereuses”, “gamine”.

Lexis and Semantics • “infinitely desirable” – the word “infinitely” is a modifying adverb in which makes the following adverb even more “desirable”. • Uses French vocabulary which seems more sophisticated (“like the literary girl” she was) and also more graceful because the French language appears beautiful. Using the French words also helps her in thinking that she belongs there and is a French girl – for example, “gamine”. Nancy Miller could have used ‘child-like’ however this would not have the same effect nor connotations that “gamine” has. • She uses “majoring in virginity” for a humorous effect. Not only was she extremely intelligent having majored in everything else but she never got ‘laid’ aka. “majoring in virginity”. It gives us a social insight of what girls were like in those times and it also tells us what she wants to rebel and go against. • Uses an American and a French lexical set. American words such as “sophomore year” and “major”. Crossing the linguistic boundaries which show that she is rebelling and trying to be a French girl however she can’t quite escape who she really is. She can’t change her personality entirely. • When making her point about not wanting to be a simplistic housewife in the final paragraph, she uses an example in which is quite unusual yet it stands out as it is rebellious and crude. “We wanted to have orgasms when we had sex. ” Using the words “orgasms” and “sex” keeps her ideal self young, adventurous and perhaps a little naughty, yet it states the character in which she first introduces us to – Patricia. She wants to enjoy herself instead of staying in a stale relationship where there is nothing to gain pleasure from.

Grammar and Syntax • Long complex sentences convey how she really wants to be French and the nagging, long-winded way of her speech is how the French, stereotypically, go on to talk. (Seemingly for ages). Rambling on a bit. “But with their uniquely Jewish brand of casuistry, their uncanny ability to make me disbelieve my own reality, my parents conned me into accepting their bargain: rather than buy into the expensive clichés of dormitory life – how American! – with the money they would be saving for me, I could study in France after graduation. ” • In the very long complex sentence above, Miller uses a colon to go on to talk about what her parents ideas were. As it is at the end of a long winded sentence it makes it appear complaining and worthless as she’s using the last of a rushed breath to explain it and therefore brushing past it quickly without further explanation or development of her parents ideas. • The ending paragraph is a reflection on the first paragraph, on how she was going on to say about how she would love to be a French girl like her idol character Patricia and then in the end through the reflection of her writing she is actually rather French and similar to Patricia – unwilling to be a regular housewife. “We didn’t want to stay home and receive our husbands’ guests. ” • Throughout, her long sentences and paragraphs are regularly concluded with short stunted points. This aids in summing up her overall point and securing the idea. “I was a literary girl. ” “I was away: a happy camper. ” It also interrupts the continuous flow of talking which also mimics how the French babble before stopping with an “err” before continuing. Not only that it makes her life seem stop-start and very fragmented. The parts she didn’t enjoy she had to make her point as to why in a strong, simple sentence. There is no façade to it, like her letters to her parents had or like the rest of her paragraphs.

Pragmatics • Within the first line of the first paragraph, she says that she was “still under the spell of Breathless”. This shows that, in Paris, she wanted to play out the movie but with her in place of the main character – she wanted all the daring things to happen and to happen with her, the lead role, the independent and special character to come true. • This could also lead onto the fact that she isn’t having a first hand experience of Paris but she’s seeing it through the eyes of the film. • She sees being as an American girl as a bad thing, and that she must be French as fast as possible to become immersed within its culture and its opportunistic ways, for example, by dressing like them. “I feel so authentic when I wear it!” • When talking about Paris she said that “France was my hedge against…”. The use of the word ‘hedge’ has connotation of barriers, protection or maybe restrictions. Hedges tend to be tall and bushy so you can’t see through them or blocks off the view over the otherside. This could be so that she can sit in her little French world without allowing anything American or her previous life interfere or change what she so desperately wanted. That adventure.

Discourse • The extract is structured into two different chapters for two different stages in her life • Jumps into the future – there are time shifts within the texts • Autobiographical – talking about herself or the topic is mainly on her, using the personal pronoun ‘I’ and ‘We’. • The chapters include many long paragraphs in which tend to end in short stunted summary sentences which securely puts her point into place.

Graphology • The fancy calligraphy writing used for the sub-heading of Millers writing suggests the old-fashioned way of writing. With ink in a bottle. It adds to effect as it keeps the stereotypical, stylish and graceful view of Paris in mind. • It’s attractive to look at, the pretty writing draws the readers attention.

Example question for ‘Remembered Places’ Compare and contrast how the writer and speaker in these extracts present Paris. You should refer to both extracts in your answer and consider: - language choices made and their likely effects - the different audiences and purposes of the texts - aspects of mode (40 marks)

Understanding Chic by Natasha Fraser-Cavassoni • MGAP – Mode, Genre, Audience, Purpose • Definition of ‘chic’ - elegantly and stylishly fashionable. • French word used since 1870 s (featured in Gustave Flaubert’s ‘Madame Bovary’ as ‘chicard’ meaning one who is stylish, and is often used as slang to mean ‘classy’, ‘pretentious’ and ‘bourgeois’. • Think Audrey Hepburn in Breakfast at Tiffany’s, think Vogue fashion, thinking bohemian and beatnik, hipster and alternative.

‘Understanding Chic’ by Natasha Fraser-Cavassoni L. O. : to understand how the term ‘chic’ reflects the French ethos and culture. In the ‘Remembered Places’ unit, consider: à The way in which speakers present places, societies, people and events. à The metaphorical nature of representations. à The influence of contextual factors (time, people, race, social class, gender – in relation to content and narrative). à Intertextuality and references in relation to the text. à Genre conventions and different purposes for communicating ideas and viewpoints. à How people and their relationships are realised. Tuesday 2 nd May 2017

MGAP Mode – First person diary entry, epistolary (letter form). Genre – Non-fiction. Audience – adolescents on the cusp of adulthood, keen to explore the world and escape the control of their parents. Purpose – to convey Parisian culture, particularly within the arts and its liberal philosophy.

Articles Stories are Waiting in Paris (Eurostar) X Ten Things My Kids Say They Will Miss About Paris (Just Another American in Paris) X Mile by Mile London to Paris (extract) (R. Pigott and M. Thompson) X Travelling to Paris with a grandchild (Gransnet) X Neither Here Nor There: Travels in Europe (extract) (Bill Bryson) X Paris for Children (extract from the Rough Guide to Paris (Rough Guides) X Introduction (extract from NOT-FOR-PARENTS: PARIS – Everything you ever wanted to know) (Klay Lamprell) X The Most Beautiful Walk in the World: A Pedestrian in Paris (extract) (John Baxter) Personal narrative: Anna X Inside Out and Upside Down (extract from NOT-FOR-PARENTS: PARIS – Everything you ever wanted to know) (Klay Lamprell) X Personal narrative: Zara X Dem Bones (extract from NOT-FOR-PARENTS: PARIS – Everything you ever wanted to know) (Klay Lamprell) X Breathless: An American Girl in Paris (extract) (Nancy Miller) X Cruise the Carousels (extract from NOT-FOR-PARENTS: PARIS – Everything you ever wanted to know) (Klay Lamprell) Around the World in 80 Dates (extracts from City Lit Paris) (Jennifer Cox) What do you wish someone had told you – Paris Iile de France (Trip Advisor) On Paris (extract) (Ernest Hemingway) X Visiting Paris (Mike and Sophia) Foreign Correspondent: Paris in the Sixties (extract) (Peter Lennon) Paris Riots 1968 (British Pathe) Rick Steves’ Walking Tour of the Louvre Museum (Rick Steves) X Seven Ages of Paris (extract) (Alistair Horne) French Milk (extract) (Lucy Knisley) X Letters From France 1790 -1976 (extract from Travel Writing 1700 -1830: An Anthology) (Helen Maria Williams) Understanding Chic (extract from Paris was Ours) (Natasha Fraser. Cavassoni) X Paris: Fine French Food (Lonely Planet) Memories of Places in Paris (Isabelle and Sophia) X The Sweet Life in Paris: Delicious Adventures in the World’s Most Glorious and Perplexing City (extract) (David Lebowitz) Encore Une Fois (Just Another American in Paris) 18 Months Later… (Just Another American in Paris) Eating in Paris (Isabella, Mike and Sophia x x