Tissues Membranes Chapter 4 v Cells Tissues Page
Tissues & Membranes Chapter 4
v Cells Tissues Page 51 are grouped into kinds of tissues according to their similarities in shape, size, structure, intercellular materials, & function. There are four main types of tissues: • Epithelial tissue – protects the body by covering internal & external surfaces. • Connective tissue – connects organs & tissue. • Muscle tissue – contains cell material that has the ability to contract & move the body. • Nervous tissue – contains cells that react to stimuli & contract an impulse.
Pages 51 – 52 Epithelial Tissue Covering & Lining • Squamous epithelial cells – Flat irregularly shaped cells • Cuboidal epithelial cells – Cubed-shaped cells • Columnar epithelial cells – Elongated, nucleus near the bottom of the cell v Glandular or Secretory • Endocrine gland cells – Form ductless glands that secrete substances (hormones) • Exocrine gland cells – Secrete substances directly into ducts v
Page 52 Connective Tissue Adipose • Stores lipid (fat) • Acts as filler tissue • Cushions, supports, and insulates the body v Areolar (Loose) • Semifluid matrix • Cells: fibroblasts, macrophages, plasma cells, mast cells & white blood cells • Fibers: collagen & elastin • Surrounds various organs, skin & subcutaneous layer with adipose tissue v
Pages 52 – 53 Connective Tissue (Cont’d) Dense Fibrous • Ligaments • Tendons • Aponeuroses • Fasciae v Supportive • Osseous (bone) tissue – Intracellular matrix contains deposits of mineral salts • Cartilage ü Hyaline ü Fibrocartilage ü Elastic cartilage v
Pages 53 – 54 Connective Tissue (Cont’d) v Vascular (Liquid Blood Tissue) • Blood – Plasma & cellular components • Lymph – Contains water, glucose, proteins, fats, salts and other tissue components
Page 54 Muscle Tissue v Cardiac – striated, involuntary, & only in the walls of the heart v Skeletal – striated & voluntary v Smooth – nonstriated & involuntary
Page 54 Nervous Tissue v Neurons found in the brain, spinal cord & nerves • Irritability – ability to respond to environmental changes • Conductivity – ability to carry a nerve impulse
Page 55 SB Effects of Aging on Tissue v Cells become larger &less able to divide & reproduce v Increase in pigments & lipids inside cells v Waste products accumulate in the tissue • Cell membranes change & carbon dioxide & wastes have difficulty getting out v Lipofusion collects (fatty brown pigment) v Connective tissue becomes progressively stiff • v Increased difficulty receiving oxygen & nutrients Many tissues lose mass & atrophy
Page 55 v Two Membranes thin layers of tissue together form a membrane Epithelial membranes v mucous or serous depending on the type of secretion produced.
Page 55 Epithelial Membranes Mucous membranes – lubricates & protects v Respiratory mucosa – respiratory passages v Gastric mucosa – lines the stomach v Intestinal mucosa – small and large intestine Serous membranes (parietal & visceral) – Double walled membrane that produces a watery fluid v Pleural membrane – lines the thoracic cavity v Pericardial membrane – lines the heart cavity v Peritoneal membrane – lines the abdominal cavity Cutaneous membranes (skin) – see Chapter 5
Page 55 Figure 4 -1
Page 56 Connective Membranes v Synovial membrane – Two layers of connective tissue • Lines joint cavities – Secretes synovial fluid, which prevents friction inside the joint cavity
Page 56 v An Organs organ is tissues grouped together to form a specific function v Organs coordinate their activities to form a complete functional organism v Organ system = Group of organs that acts together to perform a specific, related function • Example: digestive system
Page 58 Table Organs Systems Integumentary – covered in chapter 5 Skeletal – covered in chapter 6 Muscular – covered in chapter 7 Nervous – covered in chapter 8, 9 & 10 Endocrine – covered in chapter 11 Circulatory – covered in chapter 12, 13, 14, &15 Respiratory – covered in chapter 17 Digestive – covered in chapter 18 Excretory – covered in chapter 20 Reproductive – covered in chapter 21
Page 56 Disease & Injury to Tissue v Infection = Invasion of a microorganism causing disease v Inflammation = Results in pain, redness, swelling & loss of motion v Trauma v Abnormal v Birth growth of cells defects
Page 58 Degree of Tissue Repair v v Repair of damaged tissues occurs continually during the everyday activities of living. Depending on the type & location of injury, some tissue is quickly repaired. • Muscle tissue heals slowly • Bone tissue repairs are slow because broken bone ends must be kept aligned & immobilized until the repair is done.
Pages 58 – 60 v Primary Tissue Repair repair • Fluid escapes from the damaged tissue, then dries & seals the wound, forming a protective scab v Secondary repair • Formation of granulation tissue • Bactericidal fluid is secreted that reduces the risk of infection • Scar formation depends on the extent of tissue damage
v Blood Tissue & Organs Page 59 SB Transplant transfusions are an example of a tissue transplant v All transplants (tissue & organs) must be cross-matched so recipient’s immune system will not attack the donated organ v Rejection v Major is the main problem in organ transplants issue: decline in the number of living donor organs available for transplants during the last 5 years. 1 donor can save as many as 8 lives.
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