TISSUES EPITHELIAL CONNECTIVE MUSCLE AND NERVOUS TECHNIQUES TO

TISSUES EPITHELIAL, CONNECTIVE, MUSCLE AND NERVOUS

TECHNIQUES TO IDENTIFY TISSUES • LOOK FOR CELL TYPES • DETERMINE IF THERE IS A FREE SURFACE • LOOK FOR CLOSE CONTACT OR CONSIDERABLE SPACE BETWEEN CELLS • LOOK FOR SPECIALIZED FUNCTIONS

EPITHELIAL TISSUES • FORMS BARRIERS • LINE INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL SURFACES • CELLS IN CLOSE CONTACT • MAY HAVE MORE THAN ONE CELL TYPE

CHARACTERITICS OF EPITHELIA • • • CELLULARITY POLARITY ATTACHMENT AVASCULARITY REGENERATION

CELLULARITY

POLARITY • APICAL/FREE SURFACE • BASAL SURFACE • LATERAL SURFACE

ATTACHMENT • BASEMENT MEMBRANE – BASAL LAMINA • SECRETED BY THE EPITHELIAL CELLS – RETICULAR LAMINA • SECRETED BY THE UNDERLYING CONNECTIVE TISSUE CELLS

AVASCULARITY • LACK A BLOOD SUPPY • EPITHELIAL CELLS MUST OBTAIN THEIR NUTRIENT AND GET RID OF WASTES AT THEIR BASAL OR APICAL SURFACES • BY DIFFUSION OR ABSORPTION

REGENERATION • CONTINUALLY REPLACED BY DIVISION OF STEM CELLS

FUNCTIONS OF EPITHELIA • • • CONTROL PERMEABILITY PROVIDE SENSITIVITY PROVIDE PHYSICAL PROTECTION PRODUCE SPECIALIZED SECRETIONS FILTRATION AND EXCRETION

CONTROL PERMEABILITY • ANYTHING ENTERING BODY MUST CROSS EPITHELIAL LAYER • SOME ARE IMPERMEABLE • OTHERS PERMEABLE

PROVIDE SENSITIVITY • DETECT CHANGES IN ENVIRONMENT • PAIN • TOUCH • NEUROEPITHELIA – SIGHT – SOUND – SMELL – TASTE

PROVIDE PHYSICAL PROTECTION • ABRASION • DEHYDRATION • DESTRUCTION BY CHEMICALS OR BIOLOGICAL AGENTS

PRODUCE SPECIALIZED SECRETIONS • • MILK MUCOUS PERSPIRATION DIGESTIVE ENZYMES • HORMONES

FILTRATION AND EXCRETION • EPIDERMIS • BOWMAN’S CAPSULE • KIDNEY TUBULES

SPECIALIZED EPITHELIAL STRUCTURES • MICROVILLI • CILIA • Pages 90 & 91

MICROVILLI • MOST EPITHELIA HAVE • ABUNDANT WHERE ABSORPTION OR SECRETION OCCURS • DIGESTIVE AND URINARY TRACT

STEREOCILIA • EXTREMELY LONG MICROVILLI • INCAPABLE OF MOVEMENT LIKE CILIA • MALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT • INNER EAR

CILIA • MOVES MATERIALS ACROSS EPITHELIAL SURFACES • RESPIRATORY TRACT • FALLOPIAN TUBES

HOW IS THE INTEGRITY OF EPITHELIAL MEMBRANE MAINTAINED • MAINTAINED BY – BASEMENT MEMBRANE – JUNCTIONAL COMPLEXES

BASEMENT MEMBRANE • ATTACHES EPITHELIA TO BODY • BASAL LAMINA • RETICULAR LAYER

BASAL LAMINA

JUNCTIONAL COMPLEXES • • • TIGHT JUNCTIONS DESMOSOMES HEMIDESMOSOMES GAP JUNCTIONS Pages 66 & 67

TIGHT JUNCTIONS • FUSION OF OUTERMOST PORTION OF MEMBRANES

DESMOSOMES • MEMBRANE CLOSE TOGETHER • PLAQUES IN BOTH CELLS

HEMIDESMOSOMES • CELLS CLOSE TOGETHER • PLAQUE ONLY IN ONE CELL

GAP JUNCTIONS • SEPARATE CELLS BUT CLOSE TOGETHER • CHANNELS BETWEEN CELLS

CLASSIFICATION OF EPITHELIA • CELL LAYERS • CELL SHAPE

CLASSIFICATION BY LAYERS • SIMPLE EPITHELIUM • STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM • PSEUDOSTRATIFIED EPITHELIUM

SIMPLE EPITHELIUM

STRATIFIED EPITHELIA

PSEUDOSTRATIFIED

TRANSITIONAL

CLASSIFICATION BY CELL SHAPE • SQUAMOUS • CUBOIDAL • COLUMNAR

SQUAMOUS

SQUAMOUS

CUBOIDAL

COLUMNAR

GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF EPITHELIA • CONSIDERS SHAPE OF CELLS THAT FORM FREE SURFACE AND NUMBER OF LAYERS

TYPES OF EPITHELIA • • • SIMPLE SQUAMOUS STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS TRANSITIONAL SIMPLE CUBOIDAL STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL SIMPLE COLUMNAR STRATIFIED COLUMNAR PSEUDOSTRATIFIED GLANDULAR

SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHLIUM

SIMPLE SQUAMOUS

STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS

STRATIFIED SQUMOUS

TRANSITIONAL EPITHLIUM

TRANSITIONAL EPITHLIUM • VARY BETWEEN CUBOIDAL AND SQUAMOUS

TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM

TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM

SIMPLE CUBOIDAL

SIMPLE CUBOIDAL

STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL

SIMPLE COLUMNAR

SIMPLE COLUMNAR

STRATIFIED COLUMNAR

PSEUDOSTRATIFIED

PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR

GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM

GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM

EXOCRINE VS ENDOCRINE GLANDS

TYPES OF EXOCRINE GLANDS • APROCRINE • HOLOCRINE • MEROCRINE

HOLOCRINE GLANDS

MEROCRINE

APOCRINE

APOCRINE GLAND

BODY MEMBRANES • EPITHELIAL MEMBRANES – CUTANEOUS – MUCOUS – SEROUS • CONNECTIVE MEMBRANES – SYNOVIAL

CUTANEOUS MEMBRANE • SKIN • BODY’S LARGEST ORGAN • STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM • ATTACHED TO DENSE IRREGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE

MUCOUS MEMBRANE • MOIST • LINES CAVITIES THAT COMMUNICATE WITH OUTSIDE WORLD

MUCOUS MEMBRANES • PROTECTIVE • ABSORPTIVE • SECRETORY

LAMINA PROPIRA • FOUND IN MOST MUCOUS MEMBRANES

MUSCULARIS MUCOSA • OFTEN FOUND IN BELOW MUCOUS MEMBRANES • THIN LAYER OF SMOOTH MUSCLE

SEROUS MEMBRANES • PARIETAL PORTION • VISCERAL PORTION • THIN LAYER OF LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE COVERED BY MESOTHELIUM

SYNOVIAL MEMBRANES • IT IS A CONNECTIVE TISSUE MEMBRANE • LINE JOINT CAVITIES • REDUCE FRICTION • LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE • ADIPOSE TISSUE • FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE • SYNOVIAL TISSUE

CONNECTIVE TISSUE ALL CONNECTIVE TISSUE IS DERIVED FROM MESENCHYME

AVASCULAR VS VASCULAR • CARTILAGE ---AVASCULAR • DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE – POORLY VACULARIZED • OTHERS VERY VASCULARIZED

ALL CONNECTIVE TISSUES ARE MAINLY EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX

FUNCTIONS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE • STRUCTURAL FRAMEWORK • TRANSPORT OF FLUIDS AND DISSOLVED MATERIALS • PROTECTION • ENERGY RESERVE STORAGE • BODY DEFENSE

TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUES • CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER • SUPPORTING CONNECTIVE TISSUES • FLUID CONNECTIVE TISSUES

CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER • CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER – LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE • AREOLAR • ADIPOSE • RETICULAR – DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE • DENSE REGULAR • DENSE IRREGULAR • ELASTIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE

SUPPORTING CONNECTIVE TISSUES • CARTILAGE – HYALINE – FIBROCARTILAGE – ELASTIC CARTILAGE • OSSEOUS – COMPACT BONE – SPONGY BONE

FLUID CONNECTIVE TISSUES SUPPORTING CONNECTIVE TISSUES • BLOOD • LYMPH

CELLS FOUND IN CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER • • FIBROBLASTS HISTIOCYTES/MACROPHAGES LYMPHOCYTES NEUTROPHILS EOSINOPHILS MAST CELLS MELANOCYTES ADIPOCYTES

FIBROBLASTS • BASIC CELL • SECRETE EXTRACELLULAR SUBSTANCE – FIBERS – GROUND SUBSTANCE

FIBROBLASTS

HISTIOCYTES/MACROPHAGES • MACROPHAGES IN TISSUES • PHAGOCYTIC

LYMPHOCYTES • PROVIDE IMMUNITY

NEUTROPHILS • PHAGOCYTIC CELL • FOUND IN INFECTED TISSUE • NONSPECIFIC IMMUNITY

EOSINOPHILS • RARE • FOUND IN ALLERGIC REACTIONS • PARASITIC INFECTIONS

MAST CELLS • INVOLVED IN INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES

MELANOCYTES • • SYNTHESIZE MELANIN FOUND IN LOWER STRATA OF EPIDERMIS FOUND IN CONNECTIVE TISSUE OF EYE

ADIPOCYTES • FAT CELLS • NUMBERS VARY FROM TISSUE TYPE TO TISSUE TYPE • INDIVIDUAL TO INDIVIDUAL • UNABLE TO DIVIDE BY MITOSIS

INTERCELLULAR COMPONENTS OF LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE • • COLLAGEN FIBERS ELASTIC FIBERS RETICULAR FIBERS GROUND SUBSTANCE

COLLAGENOUS FIBERS

ELASTIC FIBERS

RETICULAR FIBERS

GROUND SUBSTANCE • GLYCOPROTEINS • PROTEOGLYCANS – HYALURONIC ACID – CHONDROITIN SULFATE

CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER LOOSE VS DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUES

LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUES • PACKING MATERIALS • FILL SPACES BETWEEN ORGANS • CUSHIONS AND SUPPORTS EPITHELIAL TISSUES • SURROUND AND SUPPORT BLOOD VESSELS AND NERVES • STORES LIPIDS • PROVIDES ROUTE FOR DIFFUSION OF MATERIALS

TYPES OF LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUES • AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE • ADIPOSE TISSUE • RETICULAR TISSUE

AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE • LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE • LEAST SPECIALIZED CONNECTIVE TISSUE • LOTS OF INTERCELLULAR MATERIALS • LOOSE ORGANIZATION • COLLAGEN AND ELASTIN PRESENT

AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE • FILLER TISSUE • SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUES • FILLER AROUND ORGANS • FILLER BETWEEN MUSCLES

LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE VARIANTS • ADIPOSE TISSUE • RETICULAR TISSUE

ADIPOSE TISSUE • 90% ADIPOCYTES • 10% LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE • TRIGLYCERIDE • ARE NOT MITOTIC – MESENCHYMAL CELLS CAN DIFFERENTIATE TO BECOME ADIPOSE CELLS

FUNCTION OF ADIPOSE TISSUE • NUTRIENT STORAGE – METABOLICALLY ACTIVE – LIPIDS CONTINUALLY BROKEN DOWN AND REPLACED • INSULATION • CUSHIONING

RETICULAR TISSUE • FORM STROMA OF ORGANS • FOUND IN LYMPH NODES AND SPLEEN

DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE • RELATIVELY LITTLE GROUND SUBSTANCE • ALMOST COMPLETELY FILLED WITH FIBERS • ELASTIC TISSUE • DENSE REGULAR • DENSE IRREGULAR

ELASTIC TISSUES • ELASTIC FIBERS OUTNUMBER COLLAGEN FIBERS • CAN BE STRETCHED AND REBOUND • CAN BE FOUND BENEATH TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM, BLOOD VESSELS, AND RESPIRATORY PASSAGEWAYS

DENSE REGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE • MUSCLE TO BONE • BONE TO BONE • ALMOST ENTIRELY COLLAGENOUS FIBERS • ARRANGEMENT ALLOWS A SMALL AMOUNT OF ELASTICITY • FEW FIBROBLAST

EXAMPLES OF DENSE REGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE • TENDONS • LIGAMENTS • APONEUROSES

TENDONS • • ATTACH SKELETAL MUSCLE TO BONES ORIENTED ALONGITUDINAL AXIS TRANSFER PULL OF MUSCLE TO BONE LARGE NUMBERS OF FIBROBLASTS BETWEEN COLLAGEN FIBERS

APONEUROSES • COLLAGENOUS SHEETS OR RIBBONS • SOME COVER MUSCLES • SOME ASSIST IN ATTACHING MUSCLES TO OTHER MUSCLES OR STRUCTURES

DENSE IRREGULAR • • • INTERWOVEN MESHWORK PROVIDES STRENGTH AND SUPPORT DERMIS PERICHONDRIUM PERIOSTEUM FIBROUS CAPSULES SURROUNDING ORGANS

FLUID CONNECTIVE TISSUE • BLOOD • LYMPH

BLOOD • PLASMA • FORMED ELEMENTS ERYTHROCYTES LEUKOCYTES PLATELETS

LYMPH

SUPPORTING CONNECTIVE TISSUES

CARTILAGE • HYALINE • ELASTIC • FIBROCARTILAGE

STRUCTURE OF CARTILAGE • • MATRIX CHONDROCYTES/ CHONDROBLASTS PERICHONDRIUM

MATRIX

CHONDROBLASTS

CHONDROCYTES

INTERSTITIAL VS APPOSITIONAL GROWTH

TYPES OF CARTILAGE • HYALINE CARTILAGE • ELASTIC CARTILAGE • FIBROCARTILAGE

HYALINE CARTILAGE • COVERS ARTICULAR SURFACES • CARTILAGINOUS PORTION OF NOSE • COSTAL CARTILAGE

HYALINE CARTILAGE • • • MOST COMMON TYPE OF CARTILAGE CLOSELY PACKED COLLAGEN FIBERS TRANSLUCENT COSTAL CARTILAGES TRACHEAL CARTILAGES ARTICULAR CARTILAGES

ELASTIC CARTILAGE • PINNA OF EAR • EUSTACHIAN TUBES • GLOTTIS • CUNEIFORM CARTILAGES OF LARYNX

FIBROCARTILAGE • LITTLE GROUND SUBSTANCE • PREDOMINANTLY COLLAGEN FIBERS • INTERVERTEBRAL DISCS • SYMPHYSIS PUBIS • MENISCI OF KNEE

BONE • OSSEOUS TISSUE

COMPONENTS OF BONE • BONE MATRIX • BONE SALTS – CALCIUM PHOSPHATE – CALCIUM CARBONATE • OSTEOBLASTS • OSTEOCYTES • OSTEOCLASTS

OSTEOBLASTS

OSTECYTES

OSTEOCLASTS

BONE STRUCTURE • HAVERSIAN CANAL • LACUNAE • CANALICULI • PERIOSTEUM • CONCENTRIC LAMELLAE • L LAMELLAE • OSTEOCYTES

MESENCHYME • UNSPECIALIZED PACKING MATERIAL • STAR TO SPINDLE SHAPED • FOUND IN FIRST TWO MONTHS OF PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT • BECOMES MUCOUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE • ALL CONNECTIVE TISSUE ARISES FROM MESENCHYME • MESENCHYME ARISES FROM MESODERM

MUSCLE TISSUE SKELETAL, SMOOTH AND CARDIAC

SKELETAL MUSCLE • • • VOLUNTARY LONG CYLINDRICAL MULTINUCLEATE NUCLEI AT PERIPHERY • STRIATED

CARDIAC • WALL OF HEART • FORM BRANCHING NETWORKS • INTECALATED DISCS • CENTRAL NUCLEI • STRIATED • INVOLUNTARY

SMOOTH MUSCLE • • NOT STRIATED VISCERAL MUSCLE SPINDLE SHAPED SINGLE CENTRALLY LOCATED NUCLEI • INVOLUNTARY • http: //www. uic. edu/classes /phyb 516/smoothmu scleu 3. htm

NERVOUS TISSUE NEURONS, NEUROGLIA & SCHWANN CELLS

NEURONS • FUNCTIONAL CELLS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM • AXONS • CELL BODY • DENDRITES

NEUROGLIA • • SUPPORT CELLS > 9 MILLION MITOTIC RESPONSIBLE FOR MOST BRAIN TUMORS

TYPES OF NEUROGLIA • • ASTROCYTES MICROGLIA EPENDYMAL CELLS OLIGODENDRITES

CLINICAL CONDITIONS • TISSUE REPAIR • CHANGES IN TISSUE COMPOSITION • CANCER

TISSUE REPAIR • SUBSTITUTION OF VIABLE CELLS FOR DEAD • REGENERATION VS REPLACEMENT

CATEGORIES OF CELLS FOUND IN HUMANS • LABILE CELLS – MULTIPLY THROUGHOUT LIFETIME – CAPABLE OF REGENERATION • STABLE CELLS – DO NOT MULTIPLY CONTINUALLY BUT CAN IF NECESSARY – CAPABLE OF REGENERATION • PERMANENT CELLS – INCAPABLE OF MULTIPLICATION – INCAPABLE OF REGENERATION

LABILE CELLS • EXAMPLES – SKIN – MUCOUS MEMBRANES – HEMATOPOEITIC TISSUES – LYMPHATIC TISSUES – DIVIDE CONTINUALLY

STABLE CELLS • EXAMPLES: – CONNECTIVE TISSUES – GLANDS – PANCREAS – LIVER – ENDOCRINE GLANDS • DO NOT NORMALLY DIVIDE BUT RETAIN THE ABILITY TO DO SO

PERMANENT CELLS • LIMITED ABILITY TO REPLICATE • REPLACED BY A DIFFERENT TYPE OF CELL IF THEY DIE • EXAMPLES – MOST NEURONS – SKELETAL AND CARDIAC MUSCLE • LIMITED ABILITY

PARENCHYMA VS STROMA • PARENCHYMA ARE THE FUNCTIONAL CELLS OF TISSUES AND ORGANS – IF THEY REPLACED THE DAMAGED TISSUE ORGAN FUNCTION IS MAINTAINED • LABILE OR STABLE CELLS • STROMA ARE THE CONNECTIVE CELLS THAT FORM THE FRAMEWORK FOR TISSUES AND ORGANS – IF THEY REPLACE DAMAGED TISSUES ORGAN FUNCTION IS NOT MAINTAINED

THERE IS NO WAY TO DETERMINE WHETHER THE PARENCHYME OR THE STROMA WILL MAKE REPAIRS • IF PARENCHYME MAKES REPAIRS THE ORGAN WILL MAINTAIN ITS ABILITY TO FUNCTION • IF STROMA MAKES REPAIRS THE ORGAN WILL HAVE SCAR TISSUE AND WILL LOSE ITS ABILITY TO FUNCTION IN THOSE AREAS

PRIMARY VS SECONDARY UNION

HEALING • WOUND FILLS WITH BLOOD • CLOLT FORMS BINDING WOUND EDGES TOGETHER • CLOT DRIES TO FORM SCAB • SEALS WOUND AND PREVENTS INFECTION • INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE

• FIBROBLAST MIGRATE INTO AREA – PRODUCE COLLAGEN • CAPILLARIES GROW IN FROM EDGE OF WOUND • CLOT DISSOLVED AND REMOVED • GRANULATION TISSUE FORMS • PERSISTS AS SCAR TISSUE

HEALING WHEN DAMAGE IS GREATER • • • WOUND EDGES ARE FARTHER APART GREATER INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE GREATER RISK OF INFECTION MORE GRANULATION TISSUE FORMED WOUND CONTRACTION OCCURS – DUE TO CONTRACTION OF FIBROBLASTS – LEADS TO DIBILITATION – LEADS TO SCARRING

SUTURING • BRINGS WOUND EDGES TOGETHER • ALLOWS HEALING BY PRIMARY INTENT RATHER THAN SECONDARY INTENT • HEALING IS FASTER • INFLAMMATION IS LESS • LESS RISK OF INFECTION

NEOPLASM • BENIGN • MALIGNANT

BENIGN NEOPLASMS • DO NOT DIFFER GREATLY FROM NORMAL TISSUES • FEW CHROMOSOMAL CHANGES • ENCLOSED IN FIBROUS CAPSULE • DOES NOT SPREAD • MAY OCCASIONALLY BECOME MALIGNANT

MALIGNANT NEOPLASM • CANCER • RAPID UNCONTROLLED GROWTH • CHANGES IN CHROMOSOMAL STRUCTURE

EFFECTS OF AGING ON THE TISSUES • AFFECTS CELLS • EXTRACELLULAR MATERIALS • COLLAGEN FIGERS – BECOME MORE IRREGULAR – BECOME MORE NUMEROUS • CONNECTIVE TISSUES BECOME MORE FRAGILE AND LESS FLEXIBLE • CALCIUM BINDS TO ELASTIC FIBERS – MAKES LESS ELASTIC

RESULTS • ARTHEROSCLEROSIS • WRINKLING OF SKIN • INJURIES HEAL MORE SLOWLY