Tissues and Membranes Body Tissues There are four

Tissues and Membranes

Body Tissues There are four main types of tissues: Epithelial Covers body surfaces and lines inner _______ Connective Binds and _______ body parts Muscular ________ to perform numerous functions Nervous Responds to _______ and transmits _______

Epithelial Tissue Functions: Externally, it protects the body from ______ out, injury, and ________ invasion. Internally, it performs a number of functions, such as ____________ (respiratory tract), ______ (digestive tract), and absorption (urinary tract) Remember FAPS!

Special Traits of Epithelial Tissue Epithelial cells fit closely together to form sheets. Cells held together by ________ and tight junctions The membranes always have one _____ surface The lower surface of the epithelium rests on a surface called the _________ membrane Epithelial tissues have no ______________ (avascular) and rely on diffusion of O 2 and _______ from neighboring capillaries Epithelial cells easily ________ themselves

Epithelial Tissue Three main types: Squamous epithelium Locations: walls of _____ vessels, air sacs of ____, lines mouth and _______, found throughout body Functions: filtration, diffusion, osmosis, friction reduction

Epithelial Tissue Cuboidal epithelium Locations: surface of ovaries, lining of glandular ducts, urinary system, eyes, thyroid Functions: ______ and _______

Epithelial Tissue Columnar epithelium Locations: reproductive, digestive and respiratory tracts Functions: _______, absorption, protection Substance? ______ Name of cell that secretes it? _______

Epithelial Tissue Described in three ways depending on its layering: Simple – cells exist in a ______ layer Stratified – cells exist in ______ layers Pseudostratified – cells ______ to be layered, but actually _______ Pseudostratified ciliated

Epithelial Tissue Transitional epithelium A specialized stratified squamous epithelium found only in urinary organs These organs are subject to a lot of ________, and therefore need cells that are extremely _______ and capable of _____ past each other Cross section of a ureter (tube that leads from kidney to urinary bladder)

Connective Tissue: What is a Matrix? A matrix is what makes connective tissue unique. A matrix is a ________ extracellular substance that surrounds and _______ cells. The two main components of a matrix are (1) a ________________ and (2) ______. The ground substance is composed mostly of _______ plus some _______ and _________. The fibers are composed mostly of _______ with some ________. Matrices vary in consistency from fluid (______) to squishy (_____) to very hard and tough (______).

Connective Tissue Six main types: Loose connective tissue Locations: between muscles, beneath the skin Functions: _____ structures together, fills ______ between other tissue types, cushions, and protects

Connective Tissue Adipose connective tissue Locations: beneath the _____ and surrounding various organs Functions: ______ storage, padding for organs, and ________

Connective Tissue Fibrous connective tissue (collagen) Locations: tendons and _________ Functions: anchors muscles to _____ and bone to ______ Very _____ tissue

Connective Tissue Cartilage Hyaline Three types: hyaline (most abundant), elastic, fibrocartilage Locations: Hyaline: ends of long _____, fetal _______, nose, rings of ______ Elastic: between ribs and sternum, outer ear Fibro: pads between _______ Functions: _______, protection What is Cartilage? (4: 39) Fibrocartilage

Connective Tissue Bone Two types: ______ and _______ Location: _______ Functions: _______, protection, red marrow produces _______, storage of _______ salts (Ca and P) Spongy Compact

Connective Tissue Blood Locations: ________________ Functions: supplies cells with nutrients and _______, removes _______, fights _______ What is blood? (2: 24)

Muscular Tissue Three types: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac Skeletal Locations: attached to ______ throughout the body Functions: ______ body parts Striated and ______ Multinucleated cells

Muscular Tissue Smooth Locations: _____________ Functions: s l o w sustained contractions Nonstriated and ________ Spindle-shaped cells

Muscular Tissue Cardiac Location: _____ Function: pump ______ Striated, _______, and _________ What is the arrow pointing to?

Nervous Tissue Consists of cells called ______ (neuro = string in Greek) Location: _____, spinal ______, nerves Function: conduction of nerve _______

Nervous Tissue Neurons consist of three main parts: Dendrite: branching extensions that bring in impulses from other ______ to the ____________ Cell body: contains the nucleus, cytoplasm, and ______ Axon: conducts impulses ____ from a neuron

Body Membranes There are five main types of membranes: Mucous membranes Locations: interior walls of ______; tubes that lead out of the body (respiratory, digestive, genitourinary tracts) Functions: reduce _____, protection from _____, resist ____ in digestive system Peptic ulcers (1: 35) Mucous membrane of stomach (gastric rugae)

Body Membranes Serous membranes Locations: line the insides of hollow organs, cover organs Functions: reduce ______, _______ internal organs, and compartmentalize thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities Dr. Anastasi performing open -heart surgery (bypass and valve replacement) (photos courtesy of Keith Sidehamer, perfusionist) Pericardium

Body Membranes Synovial membranes Locations: line freely movable _____________ Function: secrete ______ fluid which greatly reduces ______ between the bones Arthroscopic image of synovium from a metacarpophalangeal joint Synovial fronds in both images are normal and healthy. Arthroscopic knee surgery (4: 01)

Body Membranes Meninges Locations: only in the dorsal cavity (surrounds _______ and _____ cord) Function: forms a ______ covering Three layers: _____, ________, and ______ maters Meningitis (3: 31) Arachnoid mater Dura mater Pia mater

Body Membranes Cutaneous membrane Locations: the _____ Functions: _____ from trauma, _______ invasion, ______ loss or gain, _______ regulation, and synthesis of vitamin _____