Tissues 8 Tissues groups of similar cells that

8. Tissues - groups of similar cells that perform similar functions 9. Histology -

11. Epithelial Tissue – covers the body and organs

Epithelial Characteristics a. Cells fit close together b. Usually avascular (no blood supply) c.

Number of layers • Simple – one layer • Stratified – two or more

Shape • Squamous – flattened, scale-like • Cuboidal – box-like • Columnar – tall,

Simple Epithelial C. Absorption, secretion, filtration – not protection

a. Simple Squamous Epithelium – diffuse and filter • Found –air sacs in lungs,

b. Simple Cuboidal Epithelium – secrete and absorb • Found –kidney tubules, ovaries, ducts

c. Simple Columnar Epithelium – absorb and secrete mucus – some are ciliated •

d. Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium – secrete mucus – nuclei are uneven so looks like

Stratified Epithelial D. mostly protection – can be more than one shape but is

a. Stratified Squamous Epithelium – protect areas from wear and tear • Found –

b. Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium – rare • Found – sweat and mammary glands

c. Stratified Columnar Epithelium – rare • Found – male urethra, pharynx

d. Transitional Epithelium – stretchy, easily expands and contracts • Found – bladder, urinary

12. Connective tissue - joins or connects body structures together, supports, protects, insulates, and

Connective Characteristics a. Most abundant tissue b. regenerates at varying rates c. made of

Classification Areolar Fibrous Adipose Cartilage Osseous (bone) Blood

C. Areolar tissue – loose, space filling tissue, supports organs and skin, holds and

D. Fibrous tissue – dense, attaches muscles to bones or muscles, attaches bone to

E. Adipose tissue – stores energy (fat), insulates, supports & protects organs a. Found

Cartilage • Tough but flexible • No nerves or veins • Slow regeneration Hyaline

b. Hyaline Cartilage – most common type, resists compressive stress, supports and reinforces •

c. Elastic Cartilage – more flexibility but still maintains shape Elastic fibers • Found

d. Fibrocartilage – thick fibers, absorb compressive shock • Found – vertebrae, knee joint

G. Osseous tissue – hardest connective tissue, supports, protects, highly vascular, stores minerals •

H. Blood tissue – fluid, transports nutrients and wastes • Found – inside blood

13. Muscle tissue - contracts to allow body movement

Muscle Characteristics a. Very vascular b. Large amounts of energy c. Lots of mitochondria

Skeletal muscle – move your skeleton a. Voluntary muscle – we consciously control them

D. Smooth muscle – found in internal organs a. Involuntary muscle – don’t consciously

E. Cardiac Muscle – found only in the heart a. Involuntary muscle b. Striated

Cardiac Muscle Intercalated disks help send nerve signals across a constantly beating heart

14. Nervous tissue - carries information throughout the body

Characteristics a. Neurons - branching nerve cells b. Found – brain, spinal cord, and

15. Tissue Repair A. Inflammation – injured cells release chemicals, blood vessels dilate, clot

Tissue Repair a. Regeneration - replacing destroyed tissue with the same kind of tissue

Tissue Repair b. Fibrosis - replace damaged tissue with fibrous connective tissue (scar)

Regeneration depends on tissue type Cartilage Skeletal muscle Skin Bone Nervous Tissue Fibrous tissue

What tissue regenerates well? a. Regenerates Well: skin, bone, stomach, blood b. Regenerates Poorly:

Conditions affecting Repair a. Blood supply-needs oxygen and nutrients b. Age- heal faster when

16. Issues with Tissues A. Cancer – abnormal growth of cells a. Benign (kindly)

Carcinogens (cancer causers) include: radiation trauma certain viral infections chemicals (tobacco tars) Cancer can

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Tissues

8. Tissues - groups of similar cells that perform similar functions 9. Histology - the study of tissues

Four Types of Tissues

11. Epithelial Tissue – covers the body and organs

Epithelial Characteristics a. Cells fit close together b. Usually avascular (no blood supply) c. High regeneration rate d. Attach to a basement membrane

Classification Number of layers Shape

Number of layers • Simple – one layer • Stratified – two or more layers

Simple or Stratified?

Shape • Squamous – flattened, scale-like • Cuboidal – box-like • Columnar – tall, column-like Nucleus conforms to the shape of the cell

Squamous, Cuboidal, or Columnar?

Simple Epithelial C. Absorption, secretion, filtration – not protection

a. Simple Squamous Epithelium – diffuse and filter • Found –air sacs in lungs, blood capillaries

b. Simple Cuboidal Epithelium – secrete and absorb • Found –kidney tubules, ovaries, ducts of glands

c. Simple Columnar Epithelium – absorb and secrete mucus – some are ciliated • Found – lines stomach and intestines

d. Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium – secrete mucus – nuclei are uneven so looks like many layers • Found – lines trachea

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Stratified Epithelial D. mostly protection – can be more than one shape but is named from top layer

a. Stratified Squamous Epithelium – protect areas from wear and tear • Found – skin, esophagus, mouth

b. Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium – rare • Found – sweat and mammary glands

c. Stratified Columnar Epithelium – rare • Found – male urethra, pharynx

d. Transitional Epithelium – stretchy, easily expands and contracts • Found – bladder, urinary track

What type of tissue?

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What type of tissue?

Four Types of Tissues

12. Connective tissue - joins or connects body structures together, supports, protects, insulates, and transports

Connective Characteristics a. Most abundant tissue b. regenerates at varying rates c. made of mostly nonliving extracellular matrix d. relatively few cells and widely separated from each other

Classification Areolar Fibrous Adipose Cartilage Osseous (bone) Blood

C. Areolar tissue – loose, space filling tissue, supports organs and skin, holds and conveys tissue fluids a. Found – surrounds organs and capillaries

D. Fibrous tissue – dense, attaches muscles to bones or muscles, attaches bone to bone, withstands tension a. Found – tendons and most ligaments

E. Adipose tissue – stores energy (fat), insulates, supports & protects organs a. Found – under skin, around kidneys and heart, abdomen and hips

Nucleus Giant vacuole of fat

Cartilage • Tough but flexible • No nerves or veins • Slow regeneration Hyaline Elastic Fibrocartilage

b. Hyaline Cartilage – most common type, resists compressive stress, supports and reinforces • Found – ends of long bones, ribs, nose, trachea, and larynx

c. Elastic Cartilage – more flexibility but still maintains shape Elastic fibers • Found – ear, epiglottis

d. Fibrocartilage – thick fibers, absorb compressive shock • Found – vertebrae, knee joint

G. Osseous tissue – hardest connective tissue, supports, protects, highly vascular, stores minerals • Found – bones

H. Blood tissue – fluid, transports nutrients and wastes • Found – inside blood vessels

What type of tissue?

Four Types of Tissues

13. Muscle tissue - contracts to allow body movement

Muscle Characteristics a. Very vascular b. Large amounts of energy c. Lots of mitochondria d. Cells are usually long and slender

Classification Skeletal Smooth Cardiac

Skeletal muscle – move your skeleton a. Voluntary muscle – we consciously control them b. Striated – has narrow bands c. Each cell has many nuclei

Skeletal Muscle

D. Smooth muscle – found in internal organs a. Involuntary muscle – don’t consciously control them b. Not striated – no narrow bands c. Each cell only has one nucleus

Smooth Muscle

E. Cardiac Muscle – found only in the heart a. Involuntary muscle b. Striated and branched 7. Each cell has only one nucleus

Cardiac Muscle Intercalated disks help send nerve signals across a constantly beating heart

Muscle Tissue

What type of tissue?

14. Nervous tissue - carries information throughout the body

Characteristics a. Neurons - branching nerve cells b. Found – brain, spinal cord, and nerves throughout body c. Almost no regeneration

Structure

15. Tissue Repair A. Inflammation – injured cells release chemicals, blood vessels dilate, clot forms, scab Leads to… Regeneration or Fibrosis

Tissue Repair a. Regeneration - replacing destroyed tissue with the same kind of tissue

Tissue Repair b. Fibrosis - replace damaged tissue with fibrous connective tissue (scar)

Regeneration depends on tissue type Cartilage Skeletal muscle Skin Bone Nervous Tissue Fibrous tissue Cardiac muscle Smooth muscle Blood

What tissue regenerates well? a. Regenerates Well: skin, bone, stomach, blood b. Regenerates Poorly: cartilage, fibrous tissue, skeletal muscle c. No regeneration: nervous, cardiac

Conditions affecting Repair a. Blood supply-needs oxygen and nutrients b. Age- heal faster when you’re younger c. Nutrition-needed vitamins and minerals Vitamins: A=healthy skin C=immune system D=bone E=healing K=blood clotting

16. Issues with Tissues A. Cancer – abnormal growth of cells a. Benign (kindly) – grow slowly, push around cells, localized b. Malignant (bad) – grow quickly, invade other cells, and travel

Carcinogens (cancer causers) include: radiation trauma certain viral infections chemicals (tobacco tars) Cancer can arise from any tissue, but the most common are found in skin, lungs, colon, breast, and prostate Treatments: cut, burn, poison

Colon Polyp

Oral cancer