Timepix 3 as solidstate timeprojection chamber in particle

Timepix 3 as solid-state time-projection chamber in particle and nuclear physics B. Bergmann 1), T. Billoud 1), P. Burian 1), 2), H. Natal Da Luz 1), C. Leroy 3), P. Manek 1), L. Meduna 1), V. Petousis 1), S. Pospisil 1), R. Sykora 1), M. Suk 1) 1) Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Czech Technical University in Prague 2) Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of West Bohemia 3) Groupe de Physique des Particules, Université de Montréal Email: benedikt. bergmann@utef. cvut. cz

Timepix 3 Sensor materials (thicknesses): - Silicon (300 µm – 1 mm) - Cd. Te/CZT (1 – 2 mm) - Ga. As: Cr (300 µm – 1 mm) Timepix 3 Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics Czech Technical University in Prague 256 x 256 pixels 55 µm pixel pitch o o o cm 1. 4 cm Data-driven readout scheme with up to 40 MPix/cm 2/s (per pixel dead-time: 475 ns) Simultaneous measurement of energy (To. T) and time (To. A) in each pixel Energy resolution: ~1. 4 ke. V (sigma) @ 60 ke. V Time binning: 1. 56 ns Minimal detectable energy: ~ 2. 5 ke. V 7/30/2020 ICHEP 2020 2

Working principle: Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics Czech Technical University in Prague 3 D reconstruction of particle tracks + - z - - -- -++- + + - - + +-+ + + +++ + + -+ + + t ~ 25 ns + t ~ 15 ns t = 0 ns Charge carrier drift motion: Ramo-Theorem: Qind = [Φ(z(ti)) - Φ(z(t 0))] x Q 0 Small pixel effect: Measureable signal if charge carriers are in close vicinity to the pixel electrodes Look-up table: z(tmeas. , Emeas. ) Bergmann et al. Eur. Phys. J. C (2017) 77: 421. https: //doi. org/10. 1140/epjc/s 10052 -017 -4993 -4 Bergmann et al. , Eur. Phys. J. C (2019) 79: 165. https: //doi. org/10. 1140/epjc/s 10052 -019 -6673 z 7/30/2020 ICHEP 2020 3

Methodology verification and precision Experiments: - Pion test beams (120 Ge. V/c, 40 Ge. V/c) at the Super-Proton-Synchrotron at CERN - Cosmic muons “Raw data“: Detector response in the form of 2 D projections. 500 µm thick silicon 7/30/2020 Experimental setup at SPS. ICHEP 2020 4

Test measurement: Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics Czech Technical University in Prague 500 µm thick silicon sensor 120 Ge. V/c pion tracks accompanied by δ-rays: Cosmic µ measured in my Prague office: z-resolution: σz ~ 30 µm Δzsyst ~ 25 µm Bergmann et al. Eur. Phys. J. C (2017) 77: 421. https: //doi. org/10. 1140/epjc/s 10052 -017 -4993 -4 7/30/2020 ICHEP 2020 5

Test beam measurement (40 Ge. V/c pion beam): Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics Czech Technical University in Prague 2 mm thick Cd. Te sensor Charge collection efficiency correction: Energy correction: Ecorr. , i = Emeas, i/εcc(z) was determined in the measurement Achieved z-resolution ~60 µm Bergmann et al. , Eur. Phys. J. C (2019) 79: 165. https: //doi. org/10. 1140/epjc/s 10052 -019 -6673 -z 7/30/2020 ICHEP 2020 6

Test beam measurement (40 Ge. V/c pion beam): Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics Czech Technical University in Prague 2 mm thick Cd. Te sensor – e-/+ like events Pair-production (!? ): Edep: Total energy deposition in the Cd. Te sensor layer. 7/30/2020 ICHEP 2020 7

Test beam measurement (40 Ge. V/c pion beam): Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics Czech Technical University in Prague 2 mm thick Cd. Te sensor – Fragmentation 7/30/2020 ICHEP 2020 8

Impact and applications • Life-sciences: • Single layer Compton camera ( Search for γ radiation sources) [1] • Secondary particle tracking in hadron therapy • Space weather: • Measurement and separation of e-/p+ (and their directions) in the Van-Allen Radiation belts [2] • Measurement of particles in Solar Particle Events • Applications in nuclear and particle physics • Particle tracking and radiation field characterization (ATLAS, Mo. EDAL) • Vertex reconstruction and angular correlation measurements • Double beta decay experiments (? !) [3] [1] D. Turecek et al. , ”Single layer Compton camera based on Timepix 3 technology”, JINST 15 C 01014, 2020. [2] St. Gohl et al. , “Study of the radiation fields in LEO with the Space Application of Timepix Radiation Monitor (SATRAM)“, Advances in Space Research, Volume 63, Issue 5, 2019. [3] T. Michel et al. , “The Potential of Hybrid Pixel Detectors in the Search for the Neutrinoless Double-Beta Decay of 116 Cd”, Advances in High Energy Physics, Vol. 2013, Article ID 105318, 2013. 7/30/2020 ICHEP 2020 9

Timepix 3 in ATLAS: Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics Czech Technical University in Prague Positions and goals 2017: 2 Timepix 3 (position TPX 3 -2) detectors were installed far away from the IP Time resolved study of radiation created in the collimators 2018: 2 more Timepix 3 detectors were installed on the extended barrel to study their capabilities for o Luminosity measurement (also bunch-bybunch) o Radiation field characterization and benchmarking of ATLAS simulation o Measurement of the induced radioactivity in the ATLAS cavern TPX 3 -1 TPX 3 -2 LHC Run-3: o Installation of 14 Timepix 3 2 -layer stacks! 7/30/2020 ICHEP 2020 10

Timepix 3 in ATLAS: Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics Czech Technical University in Prague Measurement of MIP fluence and particle directions Directionality map of MIPs: o Using filtering on track properties events of interest can be filtered out of the data set o Minimum Ionizing Particles (MIPs) were selected using linearity criterion Selected straight tracks: 10 s integration time Unfiltered data set: 10 s integration time Billoud et al. , “Particle tracking and radiation field characterization with Timepix 3 in ATLAS”, Nucl. Inst. Meth. A, 2020, 164401, ISSN 0168 -9002, https: //doi. org/10. 1016/j. nima. 2020. 164401. 7/30/2020 ICHEP 2020 11

Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics Czech Technical University in Prague Conclusion o Precise time measurement of Timepix 3 allows a 3 D reconstruction of particle tracks o The reconstruction was done with a 2 mm thick Cd. Te sensor layer and a 500 µm thick silicon sensor o A precision of ~30 µm (silicon) and ~60 µm (Cd. Te) was achieved o Experiments profiting from the Timepix 3 capabilities were shown Thank you very much for your attention! 7/30/2020 ICHEP 2020 12

Additional slides 7/30/2020 ICHEP 2020

7/30/2020 ICHEP 2020 14 Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics Czech Technical University in Prague

Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics Czech Technical University in Prague The ATOMKI 8 Be* anomaly results o Proton impact on 7 Li target 8 Be* o Study of the angular distribution of e+ and e- in the decay of the excited 8 Be* Unexpected bump at an angle of ~140° Explained by intermediate particle with mass ~16. 6 Me. V (so-called X-17) A. Krasznahorkay et al. PRL 116, (2016) 7/30/2020 ICHEP 2020 15

Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics Czech Technical University in Prague X 17 @ the IEAP Van-de-Graaff accelerator Experimental setup: o 3 Timepix 3 detectors (silicon 500 µm thick) surround a Li. F target First measurement(s): o Using 3 D track fitting of coincident e+e--pairs, the target position could be reconstructed Next steps: o Simulation study of the angluar response functions o Determination of the angular distribution of e+e--pairs 7/30/2020 ICHEP 2020 16

Back-up 7/30/2020 ICHEP 2020

3 D track reconstruction: Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics Czech Technical University in Prague Cosmic µ and 3 D line fitting Precision estimation of the trajectory extrapolation from the fit errors: Δr(d) = 0. 44 µm + 0. 00018 x d E. g. : d = 1 m Δr = 184 µm 7/30/2020 ICHEP 2020 18

Timepix 3 in ATLAS: Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics Czech Technical University in Prague Bunch identification o Time resolution allows to identify BCID Integrated over the entire run 350479 on May 17, 2018 7/30/2020 ICHEP 2020 19

Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics Czech Technical University in Prague Particle physics applications. . . Neutrinos 7/30/2020 ICHEP 2020 20

Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics Czech Technical University in Prague The potential of hybrid pixel detectors for the search of the neutrinoless double beta decay of Cd-116 7/30/2020 ICHEP 2020 21