Timeline Venus final orbit and commissioning phase Hohmann

Timeline Venus final orbit and commissioning phase Hohmann transfer 3 years operation 6084 km 297 km Balloon release 25 days joint science operations Launch from Kourou Aerobreaking

Hohmann transfer ΔV 1 Earth orbit Hohmann transfer RV ΔV 2 Venus orbit RE • Hohmann transfer to Venus sphere of influence in a hyperbolic trajectory • Low propellant usage to transfer between planetary orbits • Ending 3 Apr 2033 Δv = 2. 7 km/s

Aerobreaking

Aerobreaking • This is a low fuel-use method to decrease the apoapse of the Venus orbit. Ending 11 August 2033 Δv = -1 km/s

Venus Orbit • When apoapse is 6000 km, burn to raise the periapse above the atmosphere and achieve the final orbit • Periapsis 297 km Apoapsis 6084 km • Ending 18 September 2033 Δv = 0. 05 km/s

Venus Orbit Parameters • • • Periapsis – 297 km Apoapsis – 6084 km Semi-major axis – 9242 km Eccentricity - 0. 31 Period – 2. 72 hours 6084 km Max velocity – 8. 2 km/s Min velocity 4. 3 km/s Ground speed at periapsis – 776 km/s Inclination - 78° Mission lifespan 3 years once parking orbit has been achieved. Orbit maintenance requires Δv = 0. 01 km/s per year 297 km

Propulsion • This orbit requires a propulsion method with at least 500 N thrust. 526 kg of fuel necessary. • European Apogee Motor uses bipropellant MMH and MON (Monomethyl Hydrazine and Mixed Oxides of Nitrogen) - isp 325 s Manoeuvre Deltav(km/s) With margin (km/s) Prop. Used (kg) Venus targetting 0. 0042 2 Aerobreaking entry 1 1. 05 425 Aerobreaking exit 0. 053 18 Perigee raising 0. 0063 2 Maintenance (/year) 0. 01 0. 02 4 Total 1. 066 1. 129 451

3 -D STK

2 -D STK