TIMELINE OF MODERNIST ARCHITECTURE DESIGNS BY LEON KRGER

TIMELINE OF MODERNIST ARCHITECTURE + DESIGNS BY LEON KRÜGER ARCHITECTS The buildings designed by Leon Krüger Architects (“LKA”) contextualised within the development of Modernist Architecture from the 1940 s to 2003

1940 s to 1970 s International style 1950 s onwards Brutalist Architecture 1970 onwards High-tech Architecture 1950 onwards Postmodern Architecture 1940 s to 1960 s Googie Architecture 1980 s – Critical Regionalism Late 1980 s Deconstructivism 2000 onwards Sustainable Architecture LKA Sunninghill Hospital, Johannesburg, 1991 (Left) SEAGRAM BUILDING - The International style epitomises the modernist architectural movement of the 20 th century - Form follows Function - simplified form and elimination of ornamentation - stark, uncompromisingly rectangular geometry. LKA – Republic Observatory, Sutherland, 1978 (Left) J EDGAR HOOVER BUILDING, WASHINGTON - From the French “béton brut” (raw concrete) - Use of concrete, striking repetitive angular geometries and the exposure of the building's functions in the exterior of the building. (Left) HSBC HONG KONG - A bridge between modernism and post-modernism incorporates elements of high-tech industry & technology - visual emphasis internal steel and/or concrete skeletal structure - clear glass façade, visible network of support beams exposed behind it. LKA – Grosvenor Corner, Johannesburg, 1996 (Left) PORTLAND USA PUBLIC SERVICES BUILDING – Post-modernist Architecture continues to influence present-day architecture - return of "wit, ornament and reference" to architecture in response to the formalism of the International Style of modernism. LKA – GNLD Distribution Centre, Longmeadow, Johannesburg, 2006 (Left) MCDONNELL PLANETARIUM - A subdivision of expressionist, or futurist architecture - upswept roofs and, often, curvaceous, geometric shapes, and bold use of glass, steel and neon. LKA - Nestlé Distribution Centre New Germany, Kwa. Zulu-Natal, 1994 LKA – Federated Forum Building, Pretoria, 1983 LKA - CSIR Convention Centre, Pretoria, 1975 LKA – Tonga Rural Hospital, Mpumalanga, 1997 (Right) SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE - Uses contextual forces to give a sense of place and meaning – emphasising topography, climate, light, tectonic form and the tactile sense. (Right) IMPERIAL WAR MUSEUM, MANCHESTER, UK - Fragmentation, nonlinear processes of design, distortion and dislocation of structure and envelope - move away from 'rules' of modernism such as "form follows function” & "purity of form“. LKA – Hitachi Offices, Boksburg, 2008 2003 onwards Blobitecture LKA – Sandhurst Offices, Johannesburg, 2006 (Right) K 2 APARTMENTS, VICTORIA, AUSTRALIA - Environmentally-conscious design techniques – Focus on energy efficiency. (Right) LONDON CITY HALL Buildings with organic, amoebashaped, bulging forms.