Time Lines Roger Bailey Time Concepts Sun is

Time Lines Roger Bailey

Time Concepts • Sun is the Essence of Time – Daily rotation of earth gives hours of the day, sunrise, high noon and sunset, days of the year – Yearly orbit around the sun gives solstices, equinoxes and seasons • Sundials show solar time cycles • Clock time is arbitrary and regulated • We are continuously challenged to have sundials show clock time Get over it! Solar time is reality. The clocks are wrong!

Sundial Time • Sundials can show time in many ways • Day divided into hours – Normally 24 hours, equal or unequal – Start: noon & midnight, sunrise or sunset – Mark prayer times, Canonical or Moslem • Year divided into seasons, months, or zodiac signs based on solar declination & mark dates • Regular equal hours common in N America on sundials with polar gnomons • Older cultures used different hours and timelines on historical sundials with perpendicular gnomons. Interesting timelines!

Time, Timelines and Culture • Night time for sleep, Daytime is active • Meal time divides the day • Prayer times were the first markers – Canonical and Moslem - First sundials • • Watch times – Eight bells for ships Hours of daylight: Seasonal then Equal Time regulated by sundials and clocks Astronomical, standard then Atomic time

Polar Gnomon Sundials Olde English Gnomon By Tony Moss • Polar gnomon is parallel to the earth’s axis • Angle with horizontal plane = Latitude • Angle in meridian plane with vertical = Co-Lat (90 -Latitude) • Hour lines radiate from the gnomon base • Date or declination lines from tip or nodus

Point Gnomon Sundials • Gnomon is perpendicular to the plane • Time lines set by shadow paths from the tip of the gnomon • Determine altitude and azimuth of sun at the time • Project point onto the plane • Hour lines do not radiate from the gnomon base • Ref: Fer De Vries: “A Uniform Method to Compute Flat Sundials usable all over the World” & “Zon 2000”

Timelines • Equal hours: 24 hours/day, – 2 x 12, starting at midnight and or noon – Babylonian hours: Start at sunrise • Noon and sunset times vary – Italian hours: Start at sunset • Sunrise and noon times vary • Also Bohemian or Jewish hours • Unequal hours: 12 hours per day, sunrise to sunset. Biblical hours – Length varies with season

Italian Hours (sunset) Solstices Equal Hours Equinox Babylonian Hours (sunrise) Time Lines Prague Klementinum 1 Students Court East Facing

Prague Klementinum Sundials 6 7 8 9 10 5 16 12 Economics 4 15 11 3 Vine Court Students Court 1 2 Court 13, 14, 17 Astronomy Tower “St Clement” Jesuit University 1653

Equal (noon) Babylonian (Sunrise) Italian (Sunset) Klementinum 2: South Facing Students Court

Klementinum Astronomy Tower East West Face Facing Morning

Klementinum Economics Court Sundials

EC 9 S Equal Economics Court 9: South Face: Equal Hours

EC 10 S Italian Economics Court 9: South Face: Italian Hours

EC 11 E Equal Economics Court 11: East Face: Equal Hours

EC 12 S Italian Hours from Sunset “Horae ab occasum solis” Equal hours, 24 / day Noon varies, 18 at equinox Used in Europe 1200 to 1800 Reverse Italian Hours = Time to Sunset Economics Court 12: East Face: Italian Hours

Vine Court Sundials Klementinum Vine Court

A SOLIS ORTU FROM THE RISING OF THE SUN VC 3 E Babylonian Vine Court 3: East Face: Babylonian Hours

USQUE AD OCCASIUM THROUGH TO SUNSET VC 4 E Italian Vine Court 4 East Face: Italian Hours

LAUDABILE NOMEN DOMINI: PRAISE THE NAME OF THE LORD VC 5 E Equal Vine Court 5: S 68º E Face: Equal Hours

VC 7 S Equal Vine Court 7: South Face: Equal Hours

VC S 6 Babylonian Vine Court 6 South Face: Babylonian Hours

VC 8 S Italian Vine Court 8: S Face: Italian Hours

Prague Astronomical Clock • Timelines are not just on sundials Italian Sidereal (star) Unequal (Biblical) Sun rise & set Local equal Zodiac Lunar phases 1410 - 1490

Hotel Růže Český Krumlov Hotel Růže Jesuit College 1586

Český Krumlov Babylonian Hours Italian Hours Reversed Hours of Daylight Date Lines: Zodiac Equal Hours

Reverse Italian Hours Time to Sunset • Modern uses for Italian • Airports: Visual Flying Rules – Mac Oglesby: Moore Field • Royal Astronomical Society (RASC) Alberta Star Party – Eccles Ranch Observatory – Caroline AB (52. 1, 114. 7) • Sidereal hours for Observatory sundial?

Karl Schwarzinger, Innsbruck Gnomonicae Societas Austriaca

Birthday Lines • Karl Swarzinger, Austrian Sundial Society • Franz Wuring sundial • Family’s Birthday Lines

Sundial with Date Lines Caesartelli Fabio Casartelli Memorial Col d’ Aspres Pyrênées, France Tour de France 1995

Casartelli Memorial • Date Lines on Sundial Memorial – Birth • 16 August 1970 – Olympic Gold • 3 August 1992 – Death in crash • 18 July 1995

Seasonal Markers: Sunrise Sunset Lines 2. 80 Stand on Marker, sight over date to see where the sun rises Stand on Date, sight over marker to see when the sun rises

Seasonal Markers: Sunrise Sunset Lines Sunrise and sunset lines converge almost to points, Seasonal Markers on the major W/E axis

Seasonal Markers Sunset Sunrise Elliston Park, Calgary

Prayer Times: Canonical Hours • Often shown on Mass or scratch dials on old churches • Seven times (tides) defined by St. Benedict’s Rule (6 th Century) – – – – Matins (Lauds): midnight to dawn Prime: sunrise (first) Triece: mid-morning (third) Sext: noon (sixth) Nones: midafternoon Vespers: sunset Compline: sunset to midnight

Rule of St. Benedict • CHAPTER XVI How the Work of God Is to Be Performed during the Day • As the Prophet saith: "Seven times a day I have given praise to Thee" (Psalms 119: 164), this sacred sevenfold number will be fulfilled by us in this wise if we perform the duties of our service at the time of Lauds, Prime, Tierce, Sext, None, Vespers, and Complin;

Mass Dials • Orm’s dial is typical • Horizontal gnomon • Equal time divisions • Seasonal un -equal hours

Moslem Prayer Hours • For devout Moslems, there are five prayer times, all determined by the altitude of the sun – Fajr (morning): twilight to dawn – Zuhr (noon): Shadow length: noon + ¼ gnomon height – Asr (mid pm): Shadow length: noon + gnomon height to noon + 2 gnomon heights – Maghrib (sunset): sundown to end of twilight – Isha (night): twilight to dawn • Zuhr and Asr are (were) set by shadow lengths • Horizontal sundials with perpendicular gnomons

Sext zuhr Midday Moslem Triece duha Prime Daily Prayer Times Monastic Nones asr Vespers Sunset maghrib Nightfall Compline isha Sunrise fajr Daybreak Matins Midnight

Moslem Prayer Times Defined by altitude of sun determined by shadow lengths Zuhr = Noon + ¼ gnomon height Asr = Noon + gnomon height to Noon + 2 gnomon heights Gnomon Noon Zuhr Asr

Moslem Prayer Timelines Zon 2000 Istanbul: Latitude 41º N Horizontal with Vertical Gnomon

Istanbul • Topkapi Palace • Complex sundial in Courtyard • Asr prayer line • Italian Hours • Babylonian • Equal Hours Joël Robic © http: //perso. orange. fr/cadrans. solaires/cadran-istanbul-topkapi. html

Italian Babylonian Asr

Topkapi Palace Ottoman Sundial

Missouri Botanical Garden

Ottoman Sundial • Topkapi Dial design for Ottoman Garden at Missouri Botanical Gardens, St Louis • Paul Brockman: Project Coordinator • Fazil Sutcu: Architect • Abraham Mohler: Sculptor • E. L. Bakewell Jr: Sponsor • Roger Bailey: Designer

Proud Artisans • Abraham Mohler Sculptor • Roger Bailey Designer

Istanbul: New Mosque Yeni Camii Veni Camii

Vertical Declining Sundials

New Mosque “Yeni Camii” 1 -Local hours 20’ -Italian hours -Asr 1 & 2 -Zhur? -Declination -Other curves

Yeni Camii: New Mosque 45º Qibla 151. 7º Mecca

Polar Gnomon bent horizontal (Moslem style) New Mosque Yeni Camii 2 Local hours 20’

New Mosque Yeni Camii 3 Islamic sundial Prayer times Hours? 20’ Overlay confirms declination lines, equinoctial and Asr Prayer line (N + G). Zuhr Prayer line and parallel curved time lines are different

Blue Mosque: Istanbul

Ablutions

Blue Mosque: Istanbul 42º Qibla 151. 7º Mecca

Blue Mosque Sundial 2 Post Asr Zuhr Noon Asr • Vertical Declining S 42º W • Shadow lengths defined prayer lines for Horizontal • Date Lines for Equinox and Solstices • Six time lines: Noon, Pre Zuhr, Zhur, Asr, 2 post Asr Modern computation (Zon 2000) Dial is crudely engraved Overlay shows slightly different results on equinox and Asr lines. Zuhr and other lines are unusual, parallel to Asr, not defined by shadows N + n. G

Hagia Sophia: Istanbul Byzantine Cathedral: Saint Sophia Roman Emperor Justinian 537 1453’s Sultan’s Mosque, now museum

Hagia Sophia 36º Qibla 151. 7º Mecca

Hagia Sophia Sundial • Vertical declining S 36 W • Multiple timelines similar to prayer lines Modern calculation overlay confirms noon, equinoctial and declination. Asr prayer line ~OK Zuhr prayer line is tilted, parallel, like other lines

Relativistic Hours Republican Hours • French Revolution • Rational measures – Metric system – Decimalization • Republican Hours – 10 hours, 10 x 10 min 1 – 1 Republican = 2. 4 hrs Vallouise, Les Vigneaux – North Declining East – 5 to 9: 30 am = 2 to 4 L’Atelier Tournesol 1989

Analemma Declination Equation Of Time Dennis di Cicco:

Standard Time Sundials http: //www. uwrf. edu/sundial/

Standard Time Sundials • R D Swensen Dial 1995 by Prof John Shepherd • University of Wisconsin • Analemma Hour Lines http: //www. uwrf. edu/sundial/