Thyroid Parathyroid Urological Disorders Content Review SCIE 291

Thyroid & Parathyroid Urological Disorders Content Review SCIE 291 H

Thyroid Gland � The Thyroid gland is a vital hormone gland. The thyroid plays a role in the metabolism, growth, and development of the human body. The thyroid gland helps regulate many body functions by releasing a constant, steady amount of hormones in to the bloodstream. � Thyroid Gland Hormones: � T 3 (Triiodothyronine) � T 4 (Thyroxine or Tetraiodothyronine) � Calcitonin Iodine is one of the main building blocks of T 3 & T 4. Our bodies cannot produce Iodine, therefore we need iodine in our diet. Iodine is absorbed into our bloodstream via the intestines. The iodine is then utilized to make thyroid hormones.

Thyroid Gland

Hypothyroidism � Hypothyroidism: Congenital or Acquired � Congenital Hypothyroidism: failure of the thyroid gland to develop or function properly at birth. � Acquired Hypothyroidism: most commonly d/t Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (autoimmunity process within the thyroid). This can lead to myxedema. � Myxedema: a decreased metabolic rate leads to the accumulation of mucolpolysaccharide in the ICF, attracts water and causes this mucous type of edema and can lead to coma.

Hypothyroidism

Myxedema End-stage evidence of hypothyroidism Chronic and significantly low metabolic rate over time can lead to: • Hypothermia • Cardiovascular collapse • Hypoventilation • Hyponatremia • Hypoglycemia • Lactic Acidosis

Hyperthyroidism � Hyperthyroidism: Overactive Thyroid: occurs when the thyroid gland produces too much of the hormone Thyroxine (T 4). � This overproduction cause an acceleration in metabolism, unintentional weight loss, and rapid or irregular heartbeat. � Graves Disease, Hyper -functioning thyroid nodules, & Thyroiditis are common causes for Hypothyroidism.

Hyperthyroidism

Graves Disease

Parathyroid Disorders

S/S Hypoparathyroidism �If a person suffers from primary hypoparathyroidism you might expect � Low PTH � Low serum calcium

S/S of Hyperparathyroidism Overactive parathyroid glands could show up as: PTH levels absorption of calcium from GI tract osteoclast activity and movement of calcium from bones into blood serum calcium levels

Adrenal Glands & Hormones

Review Question An increased TSH suggests: a. Hypothyroid b. Hyperthyroid c. increased T 3 and T 4 d. normal T 3 and T 4

Answer An increased TSH suggests a. hypothyroid …low T 3 and T 4 pituitary secretes TSH in an attempt to jump start the thyroid to produce more hormones b. hyperthyroid (causes decreased TSH as pituitary tries to shut down thyroid production c. increased T 3 and T 4 (hyperthyroid…increase in T 3 and T 4 would shut down the TRH and TSH [negative feedback] low TSH in hyperthyroid) d. normal T 3 and T 4 (euthyroid or normal thyroid…Normal thyroid hormones = normal TSH)

Adrenal Hormones � Mineralcorticoids: aid in controlling the body levels of sodium & potassium (in conjunction with the renin-angiotension mechanism). � Glucocorticoids: have anti-inflammatory actions & aid in regulating glucose, protein, & fat metabolism during periods of stress. � Androgens: contribute to the growth of pubic hair in women.

Cortisol

Acid-Base Balance

Basic Definitions �Ventilation � The movement of air into and out of the alveoli �Hyperventilation � Increased amount of air moved into and out of the alveoli �Hypoventilation � Decreased amount of air moved into and out of the alveoli �Alveolar minute ventilation

Basic Facts �Carbon dioxide is an acid � p. CO 2 is an acid �Retain carbon dioxide = retain acid � Acidosis �Blow off carbon dioxide = blow off acid � alkalosis

Pulse Oximetry Light passed through tissues…measure the amount of light taken up or absorbed by oxygenated Hgb converts to a % When p. O 2 is 60, 90% of the hemoglobin is combined with oxygen.

Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve When the oxygen saturation is 90% or higher, the p. O 2 is 60 or higher. 90% p. O 2 60 p. O 2 of 60 in the serum provides enough pressure to combine 90% of hemoglobin with oxygen.

Urological Disorders Renal Veins Renal Arteries The primary function of the kidneys is to filter the blood to selectively reabsorb molecules necessary for normal body functions, and to excrete unneeded substances through the urine.

Cystitis Acute bladder infection dysuria Frequent urgency to urinate Lower abdominal or back discomfort

Nephrolithiasis Diagnosis via CT scan Severe renal colic (backache in flank area) Nephrolithiasis can be present with Cystitis

Pyelonephritis Infection of the kidney parenchyma & renal pelvis Upper UTI Acute cause: Decreased immune response Chronic cause: Scarring & deformation of the renal calyces & pelvis

Renal Failure