Thunderstorm Hazards Wind shear microbursts Icing Turbulence Lightning
Thunderstorm Hazards – – – Wind shear (microbursts) Icing Turbulence Lightning Tornadoes Hail • An Overview of Aviation Weather Impacts An Overview of the Impact of Weather on Traffic Flow Management presented by Dr. Alan Nierow GMU April 17, 2007 Federal Aviation Administration
Hazards to Aviation - Microbursts • An Overview of Aviation Weather Impacts An Overview of the Impact of Weather on Traffic Flow Management presented by Dr. Alan Nierow GMU April 17, 2007 Federal Aviation Administration
• An Overview of Aviation Weather Impacts An Overview of the Impact of Weather on Traffic Flow Management presented by Dr. Alan Nierow GMU April 17, 2007 Federal Aviation Administration
Thunderstorm Hazards - ICING Affects of Icing Are “Cumulative” Decreases Lift Decreases Thrust Increases Drag • An Overview of Aviation Weather Impacts Increases Weight An Overview of the Impact of Weather on Traffic Flow Management presented by Dr. Alan Nierow GMU April 17, 2007 Federal Aviation Administration
Clear Icing • Transparent, glossy • Formed as large droplets spread out before freezing • Usually in thunderstorm clouds • Often form at temperatures just below freezing • Icing found in “updraft” portion of thunderstorm • Small horizontal extent • An Overview of Aviation Weather Impacts An Overview of the Impact of Weather on Traffic Flow Management presented by Dr. Alan Nierow GMU April 17, 2007 Federal Aviation Administration
Non-Thunderstorm Aviation Weather Hazards v Rime Icing v Types of Precipitation v Fog v Low Clouds/Ceilings v Mountain Waves (Rotors) v HEAT • An Overview of Aviation Weather Impacts An Overview of the Impact of Weather on Traffic Flow Management presented by Dr. Alan Nierow GMU April 17, 2007 Federal Aviation Administration
Rime Icing • Rough, opaque — similar to ice buildup in a home freezer • Formed by small drops that freeze on impact • Large horizontal extent • Usually forms in Stratoform clouds • Usually confined to layer 3, 000 -4, 000 feet thick • An Overview of Aviation Weather Impacts An Overview of the Impact of Weather on Traffic Flow Management presented by Dr. Alan Nierow GMU April 17, 2007 Federal Aviation Administration
Winter Precipitation • An Overview of Aviation Weather Impacts An Overview of the Impact of Weather on Traffic Flow Management presented by Dr. Alan Nierow GMU April 17, 2007 Federal Aviation Administration
Freezing Rain • • • Heavy icing in short time Warm air/moisture moving over cold air Begins as rain, then falls through cold air Freezes on impact Common east of the Appalachian mountains • An Overview of Aviation Weather Impacts An Overview of the Impact of Weather on Traffic Flow Management presented by Dr. Alan Nierow GMU April 17, 2007 Federal Aviation Administration
Fog is a cloud on or near the ground composed of either water droplets or ice crystals. Fog forms by: hcooling air to its dewpoint hadding moisture to air near the ground • An Overview of Aviation Weather Impacts An Overview of the Impact of Weather on Traffic Flow Management presented by Dr. Alan Nierow GMU April 17, 2007 Federal Aviation Administration
Fog Climatology • An Overview of Aviation Weather Impacts An Overview of the Impact of Weather on Traffic Flow Management presented by Dr. Alan Nierow GMU April 17, 2007 Federal Aviation Administration
• An Overview of Aviation Weather Impacts An Overview of the Impact of Weather on Traffic Flow Management presented by Dr. Alan Nierow GMU April 17, 2007 Federal Aviation Administration
• An Overview of Aviation Weather Impacts An Overview of the Impact of Weather on Traffic Flow Management presented by Dr. Alan Nierow GMU April 17, 2007 Federal Aviation Administration
• An Overview of Aviation Weather Impacts An Overview of the Impact of Weather on Traffic Flow Management presented by Dr. Alan Nierow GMU April 17, 2007 Federal Aviation Administration
Significant Weather Factors for ORD • An Overview of Aviation Weather Impacts An Overview of the Impact of Weather on Traffic Flow Management presented by Dr. Alan Nierow GMU April 17, 2007 Federal Aviation Administration
Mitigating Impacts Due to Convection • Terminal – ITWS • Enroute – NEXRAD • Oceanic – Lightning • An Overview of Aviation Weather Impacts An Overview of the Impact of Weather on Traffic Flow Management presented by Dr. Alan Nierow GMU April 17, 2007 Federal Aviation Administration
What is the NAS Requirement ? • Acquire weather information covering the areas of both domestic and foreign operations. This information shall include current, trend, and forecast weather affecting flight planning, efficiency, and safety. • *Detect and predict the location and intensity of tstms for a forecast period of 6 hours*. • Information concerning weather conditions that are potentially hazardous to aviation shall be given priority as to acquisition and dissemination. • Hazardous weather includes: - Thunderstorm - Lightning - Turbulence • An Overview of Aviation Weather Impacts An Overview of the Impact of Weather on Traffic Flow Management presented by Dr. Alan Nierow GMU April 17, 2007 Federal Aviation Administration
Enroute Convective Weather • An Overview of Aviation Weather Impacts An Overview of the Impact of Weather on Traffic Flow Management presented by Dr. Alan Nierow GMU April 17, 2007 Federal Aviation Administration
New York Departure Routes • An Overview of Aviation Weather Impacts An Overview of the Impact of Weather on Traffic Flow Management presented by Dr. Alan Nierow GMU April 17, 2007 Federal Aviation Administration
Density of Controlled Traffic • An Overview of Aviation Weather Impacts An Overview of the Impact of Weather on Traffic Flow Management presented by Dr. Alan Nierow GMU April 17, 2007 Federal Aviation Administration
Oceanic Hazards • Clear Air Turbulence (CAT) • Convectively Induced Turbulence (CIT) – More than half of turbulence encounters over oceanic regions are associated with convection – Western North Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico regions report more moderate or severe turbulence than Pacific regions – Turbulence presents a real concern for high-altitude and commercial aircraft flying above and around deep convection – Turbulence can also occur quite a distance from the point of convection – Penetrating deep convection cause turbulence • An Overview of Aviation Weather Impacts An Overview of the Impact of Weather on Traffic Flow Management presented by Dr. Alan Nierow GMU April 17, 2007 Federal Aviation Administration
Responsible Atlantic Airspace • An Overview of Aviation Weather Impacts An Overview of the Impact of Weather on Traffic Flow Management presented by Dr. Alan Nierow GMU April 17, 2007 Federal Aviation Administration
Responsible Pacific Airspace • An Overview of Aviation Weather Impacts An Overview of the Impact of Weather on Traffic Flow Management presented by Dr. Alan Nierow GMU April 17, 2007 Federal Aviation Administration
Operational Long-range Lightning Product • An Overview of Aviation Weather Impacts An Overview of the Impact of Weather on Traffic Flow Management presented by Dr. Alan Nierow GMU April 17, 2007 Federal Aviation Administration
OCND Product • An Overview of Aviation Weather Impacts An Overview of the Impact of Weather on Traffic Flow Management presented by Dr. Alan Nierow GMU April 17, 2007 Federal Aviation Administration
Example of a Convective Weather Cockpit Product • An Overview of Aviation Weather Impacts An Overview of the Impact of Weather on Traffic Flow Management presented by Dr. Alan Nierow GMU April 17, 2007 Federal Aviation Administration
Integrated Terminal Weather System • ITWS will vastly improve the ability of controllers and traffic managers to monitor atmospheric phenomena in the terminal domain • Controllers will be able to take proactive (vice reactive) measures to mitigate the effects of aviation-impacting weather • ITWS will significantly enhance the ability of TFM personnel (and supporting automation systems) to achieve an efficient and orderly flow of NAS-wide traffic during adverse weather, thereby improving capacity throughout the NAS • An Overview of Aviation Weather Impacts An Overview of the Impact of Weather on Traffic Flow Management presented by Dr. Alan Nierow GMU April 17, 2007 Federal Aviation Administration
• An Overview of Aviation Weather Impacts An Overview of the Impact of Weather on Traffic Flow Management presented by Dr. Alan Nierow GMU April 17, 2007 Federal Aviation Administration
Examples of ITWS Products Windshear Products Microburst detection and prediction Gust front detection and forecast Wind shift estimate Timers Storm location and graphics Precipitation General Storm products Tornado detection/alert Storm motion Airport lightning alert Extrapolated position Storm cell information LLWAS winds Terminal winds Pilot text/character severity • An Overview of Aviation Weather Impacts An Overview of the Impact of Weather on Traffic Flow Management presented by Dr. Alan Nierow GMU April 17, 2007 Federal Aviation Administration
TYPICAL ITWS DISPLAY • An Overview of Aviation Weather Impacts An Overview of the Impact of Weather on Traffic Flow Management presented by Dr. Alan Nierow GMU April 17, 2007 Federal Aviation Administration
FED EX LOOP • An Overview of Aviation Weather Impacts An Overview of the Impact of Weather on Traffic Flow Management presented by Dr. Alan Nierow GMU April 17, 2007 Federal Aviation Administration
• An Overview of Aviation Weather Impacts An Overview of the Impact of Weather on Traffic Flow Management presented by Dr. Alan Nierow GMU April 17, 2007 Federal Aviation Administration
NEXRAD • NEXRAD (Next-Generation Radar) is a network of 158 highresolution Doppler radars operated by the National Weather Service • Doppler radar uses the Doppler effect to measure the radial velocity of targets in the antenna's directional beam. • The radar system operates in two basic modes: – a slow-scanning clear-air mode for analyzing air movements when there is little or no activity in the area – a precipitation mode with a faster scan time for tracking active weather • NEXRAD emphasizes – automation – use of algorithms • An Overview of Aviation Weather Impacts An Overview of the Impact of Weather on Traffic Flow Management presented by Dr. Alan Nierow GMU April 17, 2007 Federal Aviation Administration
Radar Reflectivity Product • An Overview of Aviation Weather Impacts An Overview of the Impact of Weather on Traffic Flow Management presented by Dr. Alan Nierow GMU April 17, 2007 Federal Aviation Administration
Radar Velocity Product • An Overview of Aviation Weather Impacts An Overview of the Impact of Weather on Traffic Flow Management presented by Dr. Alan Nierow GMU April 17, 2007 Federal Aviation Administration
Composite Radar • An Overview of Aviation Weather Impacts An Overview of the Impact of Weather on Traffic Flow Management presented by Dr. Alan Nierow GMU April 17, 2007 Federal Aviation Administration
Severe Weather Avoidance Program (SWAP) • An Overview of Aviation Weather Impacts An Overview of the Impact of Weather on Traffic Flow Management presented by Dr. Alan Nierow GMU April 17, 2007 Federal Aviation Administration
Summary • The bottom line is: – The consequences of traffic management actions will vary greatly, depending on how well the weather was forecasted (anticipated). – Proactive versus Reactive • The best actions are those made in advance of, rather than in response to, the weather at hand. • An Overview of Aviation Weather Impacts An Overview of the Impact of Weather on Traffic Flow Management presented by Dr. Alan Nierow GMU April 17, 2007 Federal Aviation Administration
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