Three Kingdoms and a Principality Ann Lyon Beginnings
Three Kingdoms and a Principality Ann Lyon
Beginnings
Scotland • Origins of kingdom traditionally dated to Kenneth I (840 -48) • Male primogeniture from Malcolm III (1058 -93) • Gradual expansion of power from time of Malcolm III • Development of institutions from reign of David I (1124 -53) • Question of whether English king was ‘feudal superior’
Succession Crisis 1286 -92
Queen Margaret? 1286 -90 • Guardianship • Treaty of Birgham 1290 • Death of Margaret
The Great Cause 1290 -92 • 13 ‘competitors’ • Court of 104 ‘auditors’ • Leading competitors, both descended from David, Earl of Huntingdon, younger brother of Malcolm IV and William the Lion (1165 -1214) • John Balliol, grandson of eldest daughter • Robert Bruce I, son of second daughter • Auditors chose Balliol
John Balliol 1292 -96
John Balliol 1292 -96 • Edward I demanded practical recognition of his claims to be feudal overlord of Scotland, by, inter alia: • Hearing appeals from Balliol’s legal judgments • Demanding that Balliol appear before English Parliament to answer for his conduct • Balliol refused to appear before March 1296 Parliament, and made diffidatio • Edward then invaded Scotland, but met little resistance • Balliol submitted to Edward at Elgin and was formally dethroned at Brechin in July
Interregnum 1296 -1306 • John de Warrene, Earl of Surrey appointed Keeper of Scotland • William Wallace began rising 1297, appointed sole Guardian, but replaced in 1298 by Robert Bruce III and John Comyn the Red • Scotland gradually subdued by end of 1305, but then • Bruce murdered Comyn on 10 February 1306, and proclaimed himself king
Ireland • Beginnings
Ireland Henry II • Dermot Mac. Morrough • Richard de Clare, Earl of Pembroke • Laudabiliter • English authority limited to ‘Pale’ around Dublin • Little royal interest
Ireland in the 16 th Century • Ireland reservoir of Yorkist sentiment • Poynings’ Law and Irish Parliament • Rebellion of Thomas Fitzgerald 1534 • Henry VIII proclaims himself King of Ireland 1540 • Plantation under Elizabeth I
Ireland in the 17 th century • Plantation of Ulster • Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford • Cromwell • The Boyne campaign and the Patriot Parliament
The Road to Union • Irish Parliament in the 18 th century • United Irishmen • Rebellion of 1798 • Lord Castlereagh • Act of Union
Wales • Beginnings • Hywel Dda • Owain Gwynedd
Llywelyn ap Iorwerth
Llywelyn ap Gruffydd • Ally of Simon de Montfort • Troublesome brother Dafydd! • Recognised as Prince of Wales 1267 • Rule confined to Snowdonia and Anglesey after 1275 • Rebellion 1282
Statute of Wales 1284 • Shires on the English model created in the north • Justiciar of North Wales, together with sheriffs, bailiffs and coroners • Shire courts held every month • English criminal law was imposed. • Senior appointments, down to sheriffs, were held by Englishmen, though local offices remained in Welsh hands • No attempt was made at this stage to define the relationship between Wales and the English Crown • Marches left as only area of Wales not under full royal administration
Owain Glyndwr
Wales and Henry VIII
- Slides: 22