Three BASIC Models of Urban Structure How is

Three BASIC Models of Urban Structure How is a city laid out in an MDC: Sociologists, economists, and geographers have developed 3 models to help explain where different types of people tend to live in an urban area �Concentric zone model (older) �Sector model (older) �Multiple nuclei model (older) �Peripheral/Galactic (newer) �Urban Realms (newer)

Burgess: Concentric Zone Model Key to this model is that industry was still in the city and the workers needed to live near the factory. • • • A city grows in a series of rings…DETROIT Innermost zone: CBD, no residential 2 nd ring: industry and poor-quality housing, immigrant housing, apartments 3 rd ring: Working class homes, stable, working-class families 4 th ring: newer, more spacious housing for middle class 5 th ring: commuter zone, live in smaller settlements and drive into city

Hoyt: Sector Model Key to this model is that city develops along transportation lines in wedges. • A city grows in a series of wedges or corridors extending out from the CBD. . . ALSO CLAIMED CHICAGO (pg. 439) • Certain areas develop various activities within a wedge. • High class residential wedge: best houses on edge of wedge • Industrial and retail develops along transportation lines • Major development of city during industrial area. • Industry near rivers and railways, and low income housing near that.

Harris-Ullman, Multiple Nuclei Model • Has more than one center around which activities revolve (not just CBD) • Port, business, university, airport, park, etc. • Certain types of residents attracted to certain centers • Airport = hotels and warehouses • Post WWII cities with more access to transportation. Example: Los Angeles • Downtown CBD not only area for business… suburbs start to develop. Key to this model is that there are many CBD’s, not just one. City growth after 1945, so people have cars.

Geographic Applications of the Models The 3 models help to explain why certain types of people live in particular areas Population count every 10 years: census Urban areas divided into census tracts of 5, 000 residents to corresponding neighborhood boundaries Use data to summarize the characteristics of the residents living in each tract (race, income, education, etc. )

Peripheral Model of Urban Areas Key to this model is that suburbs are created and connected by a ring road or a “beltway” Fig. 13 -19: The central city is surrounded by a ring road, around which are suburban areas and edge cities, shopping malls, office parks, industrial areas, and service complexes.

Peripheral Model a. k. a Galactic City Model (C. Harris) � U. S. and Western Europe people prefer the suburbs. � Peripheral Model has an inner city surrounded by a large suburban residential and businesses connected by a BELTWAY or RING ROAD around the city. (ATL!) � Around the beltway are nodes of consumer and business services called EDGE CITIES � As you go out from the city, the DENSITY GRADIENT declines. People go from living really close together, to having larger yards and being further apart. Key to this model is that suburbs are created and connected by a ring road or a “beltway” Vs.

Urban Realms Model: similar to peripheral Key to this model is suburbs become mini cities and are independent of the central city. Distinct characteristi cs on their own. • 1980 -1990’s America • Suburban zones gain their own CBD’s • Business and industrial parks locating outside of central city • Los Angeles is a great example: – – West Realm: Santa Monica, Beverly Hills Northwest Realm: San Fernando Valley East Realm: San Gabriel Southeast Realm: Orange County, Costa Mesa, Anaheim – Southwest Realm: San Diego, Long Beach, Inglewood • Basically, suburbs grow independent of central city • Outer (edge) cities are no longer satellites of central city, they have become equal partners

Models outside of North America � City Models outside North America MDC � European � City cities Models outside of North America LDC � Colonial City Model � Latin American City Model � Islamic City Model � De. Blij’s Sub-Saharan City Model � Mc. Gee’s Southeast Asia City Model

European City Model: result of very long histories (no model to draw) § Weird street patterns - prior to cars, narrow. § Plazas and Squares - from Greek, Roman, Medieval § Dense and compact - wall around city § Low Buildings – many built before elevators, or cathedral was designated tallest building § Lively downtowns - center of social life, not just office work. People live there. § Neighborhood stability - Europeans moved less frequently than we do, less change over time § Scars of War - many wars , many cities originally defensive. Have walls or remains of walls. § Historical castles Symbolism - gothic cathedrals, palaces, and

Colonial City Model (“Old” and “New” parts of the city): Fès (Fez), Morocco Key to this model is divide old and new / colonizer and native is obvious. Colonial has Euro architecture, toponyms, etc. Disamenity area is the native part Fig. 13 -13: The old city has narrow winding streets and dense population. The French of city laid out a new district to the west with a geometric street pattern.

Colonial City Model: Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Fig. 13 -14: In Ho Chi Minh City (formerly Saigon), the French demolished the previous city and replaced it with a colonial design with boulevards and public squares.

Latin American City Model Key to this model is wealthy has a wedge boulevard, slums on periphery. • Griffen and Ford • City becomes focal point in LDC’s • Elite residential sector in inner city along the spine where services and infrastructure is better. • Squatter settlements on periphery (favelas, slums) little to no services or infrastructure for residents.

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Fig. 13 -16: High income households in Rio de Janeiro live in the CBD and in a spine along the ocean. Low-income households often live in peripheral areas.

Islamic City Model � North Africa and the Middle East. � Centered around a main/central Mosque and a Bazaar (a. k. a “souk”). � Residential areas surrounded by walls. � Religious “Quarters” within city to separate people by religion. Key to this model is centered around a mosque and a huge open air market (bazaar). Also many walls separating parts of city (modesty and historical defense)

Sub Saharan African City Model (De. Blij ) � There is no wealthy/elite/gentrified area. � Mining and manufacturing areas are unique to resources in the area. � Because of fast growth, not efficient transportation. � Poor live in the satellite townships/squatter settlements. � Much ethnic and tribal diversity. � Noted difference between the “Colonial” part of the CBD vs. the “Traditional/Ethnic. ” Key to this model is has a colonial element with an emphasis on economic activity, typically mining.

Southeast Asian City (Mc. Gee Model) � Old colonial port surrounded by commercial business district with emphasis on trade. � Port � No is emphasis. clear CBD. � Industrial parks on outside of city. � Rapid growth. � Transportation a key factor. Key to this model is the port (trade) and rapid growth creating a cone shape.