Thomas Jefferson 1801 1809 I The election of

Thomas Jefferson 1801 -1809 I. The election of 1800 A. Originally the winner of the Electoral College became the President and the runner up became the Vice President. Every Elector castes 2 votes. B. The Constitution did not anticipate Political parties. Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr ran as President and Vice president for the Democratic Republican Party. John Adams and Charles Pinckney ran as Federalists. Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr tied. C. The election went into the House of Representatives. The Federalists in the House favored Burr. After 35 ballots, Alexander Hamilton convinced enough Federalists to vote for Jefferson. Why? D. The Electoral College voting procedure was then changed by the 12 th Amendment. ( Aaron Burr and Alexander Hamilton will meet in a fatal duel in 1804. That’s right. The Vice President of the United States committed murder. )

Aaron Burr Alexander Hamilton Thomas Jefferson

II. The Age of Jefferson A. Marbury v. Madison 1. before he left office John Adams attempted to appoint Federalists as judges in Washington DC (the midnight judges) 2. Adams appointed William Marbury as a Justice of the Peace in Washington DC 3. The appointment law required that the Secretary of State deliver the appointment to the nominee. Adams’ Secretary of State failed to deliver the appointment before Adams’ term expired. Jefferson’s Secretary of State, James Madison refused to deliver the appointment. 4. Marbury sued Madison to get his appointment in the United States Supreme Court. 5. Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that Marbury was entitled to his appointment but that the law that said Marbury should sue in the United States Supreme Court was unconstitutional. This is why this is the single most important Supreme Court case. Marshall confirmed that the United States Supreme Court can review (judicial review) laws passed by Congress and the states to determine if they violate the Constitution

Twist of History: Who was Adams’ Secretary of State who failed to get the appointment to William Marbury on time? Who was the Chief Justice of the united States Supreme Court who ruled against William Marbury? John Marshall

B. The Louisiana Purchase: 1. Background: After the American Revolution, Spain and then France controlled New Orleans and the Louisiana Territory. Both countries limited American access to the port of New Orleans. Jefferson decided to buy New Orleans from France and sent two ministers to France to try to buy it. He was willing to spend $10 million. 2. Why did Napoleon sell? a. Originally, Napoleon did not want to sell. He wanted a to create a new France in North America, but… b. Slaves successfully revolted in Haiti and kicked France off the island. c. Napoleon needed money for military conquests in Europe 3. Napoleon offered the entire Louisiana Territory to the United States for $15 million 4. The Constitution does not give the President power to just buy land. Only Congress can do that and strict interpretationionalist Jefferson was stuck but he did it anyway doubling the size of the United States

5. Exploration - Lewis and Clark a. Jefferson appointed Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to lead an expedition into the Louisiana Territory to find a water route to the Pacific Ocean. b. Lewis and Clark leave St. Louis in May 1804 and travel up the Missouri River with 35 men known as the Corps of Discovery and Clark’s slave, York i. Along the way, they meet Toussaint Charbonneau, a French fur trader and his wife, Sacagawea, a Shoshone Native American. Sacagawea provides invaluable assistance 1806 c. They reach the Pacific Ocean by November 1805 and return to St. Louis in September 6. Impact: the Louisiana purchase doubles the size of the United States, expands federal power, but creates an agrarian America

C. The Barbary Pirates: Small nations and cities on the North African coast sent pirates into the Mediterranean to raid and capture American merchant ships. 1. The city of Tripoli declared war on the United States when Jefferson refuses to pay ransom and tribute to Tripoli. a. Jefferson had limited the size of the navy. He now has to build up the navy and sends a permanent force to the Mediterranean. b. Over 4 years, a force of Marines and mercenaries threaten to capture Tripoli and an agreement is reached. There will be a second war in 1815.