This project has been funded with support from

___________________________________________________ This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.

Identification and quantification of accidents in the environment and methods for their rehabilitation Prof. Dr Srećko Trifunović Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac 2018 ___________________________________________________ This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.

Biological treatment In contrast to compounds that occur naturally, anthropogenic compounds (made by man) are relatively resistant to biodegradation. Organisms that are naturally present are often unable to produce the enzymes necessary for the transformation of the original compounds to the point at which the resulting intermediates can come of normal metabolic pathways and to be fully mineralizaed. ___________________________________________________ This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.

Biological treatment • The first step in the biodegradation is often dehalogenisation. • Compounds that require a reducing dehalogenisation are often some pesticides and halogenated aliphatic compounds with one or two carbon. Reducing dehalogenisation involves removal of halogen atoms by means of oxidation-reduction. • The main requirement for this process is the availability of free electrons and direct contact between the donor and acceptor electron mediator. ___________________________________________________ This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.

Examples of anthropogenic compounds and microorganisms that can degrade them Acrylonitrile Mixed yeast culture, protozoa and bacteria Trichloroethane, methylchloride Marine bacteria, soil bacteria, sewage sludge bacteria Benzene, phenol Pseudomonas sp. sewage sludge bacteria Hexachlorobenzene, trichlorobenzene Sewage sludge bacteria soil microorganisms Naphthalene Cunninghamella elegans Pseudomonas PCB, 4 -chloro biphenyl Pseudomonas, Flavobacterium fungi Pesticides: toskafen, dieldrin, DDT Corynebacterium pyrogenes Anacystic nidulans sewage sludge bacteria ___________________________________________________ This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.

Biological treatment The use of new microorganism for biological treatment of anthropogenic compounds is a new concept. Improvements are necessary before application. For the treatment of hazardous waste the conventional biological treatment processes such as activated sludge is applyed. The main modification of the activated sludge process is to increase the residence time in the cell than the conventional value of 4 -15 days, to a much longer period of 3 to 6 months. ___________________________________________________ This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.

Chemical treatment Chemical detoxification treatment technology is applied either as a standalone procedure. Was used to reduce hazardous waste in a particular part before transport, incineration, or depositing. Chemical process can not magically make it dangerous substance disappears from the matrix (waste water, mud, etc. . ). They can only be converted into another form. ___________________________________________________ This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.

Chemical treatment Methods for removal of hazardous constituents can be used: Ø for concentration of hazardous substances Ø for hazardous waste volume reduction Stabilization is the process by which the waste is fixed in cement or other materials and treats to creation of hardened material or encapsulated in an inert substance. ___________________________________________________ This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.

Chemical treatment The most widely used treatments are: v Neutralization v Oxidation v Precipitation v Reduction ___________________________________________________ This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.

Physico-chemical treatment • Includes: exchange in which the mass of vapor in solution bind to solids by intermolecular forces • Activated carbon adsorption • Distillation • Ion exchange • Incineration • Reverse osmosis separation based on volatility ions are removed by resin particle transport through the semi membrane Incineration uses heat from the oxygen from the air to destroy the organic fraction of the waste. Requires high temperatures of 900°C or more Incineration ___________________________________________________ This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.

Soil Vapor Extraction Conventional treatment or updated remediation of contaminated unsaturated hydrogeological environment. Physically separated pollutants from soil. This technology primarily eliminated easy volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and semi-volatile organic compounds from soil (SVOCs). ___________________________________________________ This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.

Function of SVE system Installation of extraction wells (for VOCs). Air supply down to the underground. In well is installed plastic pipe filter allowing maximum airflow. Ventilated wells provide fresh air and allow air to circulate through the entire volume of contaminated soil. Vacuum system is necessary. ___________________________________________________ This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.

___________________________________________________ This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.

Applicability and limitations of SVE system Practical applicability of the method can be observed in hydrocarbon emissions gas vapors that migrate through the soil and accumulate in the basements of houses where there is a risk of fire and explosion. Effectively removes fuels. Can be used to remove floating layers of high volatile hydrocarbons. ___________________________________________________ This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.

Soil Vapor Extraction Inexpensive method. Easy to install, effective in combination with other systems and technologies. Can not remove heavy oils, metals, PCB, dioxins. ___________________________________________________ This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.

Soil Vapor Extraction Factors that may limit SVE method are: Compacted soil with high moisture. Soil with high organic matter and dry soil. As a result of the treatment gas output remains fluid and spent activated carbon may require treatment-disposal. ___________________________________________________ This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.

Air-sparging The basic concept: Applied to saturated areas polluted by soluble organic pollutants in ground water but also in the form of remnants or adsorbed in the pores of the rock particles that are subject to evaporation. ___________________________________________________ This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.

Air-sparging Process involves injecting and dispersing air below which it is in the form of bubbles moving through the contaminated zone. ___________________________________________________ This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.

Main factors for the applicability Depth to pollution and specificity of place geology. Flexibility of injection wells with the terms of air location. Uniformity of air flow through the zone. Best use is in a homogeneous medium. The biggest limitation is the movement of air in the canal which reduces the efficiency of methods. ___________________________________________________ This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.

Bio-sparging Application of slow injection of air or oxygen is suitable for microorganisms using a major amount of grout to generate biodegradation of organic pollutants. ___________________________________________________ This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.

Bio-sparging Biosparging implies: Injecting and other gases in the underground in order to stimulate microbiological activity. Specifically for this purpose used methane gas. ___________________________________________________ This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.

Bio-sparging If there is significant pollution then fed nutrients to that area in order to stimulate microorganisms. This is achieved by injecting nutrients directly into the soil below the root zone. Injection well is periodically poured water containing the necessary nutrients and water must be enriched with oxygen. ___________________________________________________ This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.

Bio-sparging First application of methods to foster air occurred in the U. S. in 1975 when performed remediation of groundwater with high-octane gasoline. With air dispersion were added and nutrients in the form of inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus, after which the number of microorganisms in groundwater has increased about 1000 times. Ten months after that gas concentrations in ground water has dropped below the detection limit. ___________________________________________________ This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.

Oxygen enhancement with AIR sparging In ground water can be added oxygen, injecting air bubbles or pure oxygen. For VOCs, SVOCs compounds and fuels, not for pesticides. Disadvantages: cracked, differences in permeability. ___________________________________________________ This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.

In-well vapor-stripping Application in the removal of soluble volatile compounds from contaminated groundwater. Transfer pollutants from water to air. Can also be used for other types of pollutants, but is most effective for halogenated compounds (VOCs, SVOCs) and fuels. ___________________________________________________ This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.

In-well vapor-stripping Method involves creating a circulating seed in the work area around a well through contaminated groundwater is gradually reducing circulating concentrations of pollutants dissolved in it. ___________________________________________________ This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.

In-well vapor-stripping Method involves creating a circulating seed in the work area around a well through contaminated groundwater is gradually reducing circulating concentrations of pollutants dissolved in it. Steps are: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Air or inert gas is injected into the well through an inner air injection lines, using a vacuum device creates bubbles in contaminated ground water Gas bubbles rising through the water actually raise the water itself due to the density gradient because underground water containing air bubbles less dense than water without bubbles As the bubbles rise through the contaminated groundwater volatile organic compounds, these compounds are transformed from natural dissolved in a volatile phase right through natural air downloads Air water mixture rises until it encounters a device to separate the top of the inner wells Air water mixture is extruded to the upper filter directly below the seal ___________________________________________________ This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.

In-well vapor-stripping 6. Outer column under vacuum and vapor moving upward directed through the annular space to be collected on the surface for further treatment. 7. Ground water from wells free of volatile organic pollutants are reintroduced through the upper filter in contaminated zone. 8. As a result of raising the ground water from the bottom of the well further polluted ground water enters the filter through the bottom of the well, but replacing a raised water where it is now subjected to aeration. 9. After partial treatment water from wells released back into the circulation. ___________________________________________________ This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.

In-well vapor-stripping Most Popular innovation are: Ø VOCs wells Ø UVB wells Ø DDC wells ___________________________________________________ This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.

Bioventing Bioventilation is a new method that stimulates the natural in situ biodegradation of organic pollutants in soil by providing oxygen to existing microorganisms in the hydrogeological environment. Oxygen is usually injected through direct injection into the remains of pollution in the rocks. Applied in water zones. ___________________________________________________ This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.

Bioventing Bioventilation is very effective and in some places with other fuels and to 100 percent of success. This techniques have successfully been used for the remediation of areas polluted by oil hydrocarbons, not chlorinated solvents, some pesticides, wood preservatives, and other organic compounds. ___________________________________________________ This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.

Bioventing Two basic criteria must be completed for successful bioventing: 1. Air must pass through the soil in sufficient quantity to provide aerobic conditions 2. Natural concentration of microorganisms that perform degradation should be sufficient to provide a satisfactory level of decomposition ___________________________________________________ This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.

Bioventing Applicability: One of the most successful methods with more than 95 percent performance (in case of petroleum hydrocarbons). There are two limiting factors: 1. In some places the air is not safe limit 2. To achieve the goal of remediation that is dependent of place specificity ___________________________________________________ This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.

Literature In: REMEDIJACIJA PODZEMNIH VODA I GEOSREDINE, N. Krešić, S. Vujasinović, I. Matić, 2006, ISBN: 86 -7352 -147 -5 T he fifth chapter, pp. 168 -175. The fifth chapter, pp. 175 -182. The fifth chapter, pp. 177 -182. The fifth chapter, pp. 182 -184 In: Др Борислав Јакшић, Др Марина Илић, “Управљање опасним Отпадом”, Бања Лука 2000. ISBN: 86 -7440 -004 -3 Total number of pages: 1 -190. ___________________________________________________ This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.

___________________________________________________ This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.

Author, Editor and Referee References This remote access laboratory was created thanks to work done primarily at University of Kragujevac. Contributors to this material were: Srećko Trifunović Refereeing of this material was done by: ___________ Editing into NETCHEM Format and onto NETCHEM platform was completed by: __________________________________________________________ This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.