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Culture consists of the relatively specialized lifestyle of a group of people that is

§ Enculturation – How you learn the culture of your birth § Ethnic identity

§ Relevance of a cultural perspective § § § Demographic changes Sensitivity to cultural

1. Individualist vs. collectivist orientation Individualist cultures value the individual over group § Power

1. Individualist vs. collectivist orientation Collectivist cultures value the group over the individual §

2. High- vs. low-context cultures High-context cultures assume information is known by everyone §

2. High- vs. low-context cultures Low-context cultures value up front and direct communication §

3. Power distance cultures High- power-distance cultures have a gap between people who have

3. Power distance cultures Low- power-distance cultures have little gap between people who have

4. Masculine vs. feminine cultures – describes a culture’s focus on achievement vs. nurturing

5. Ambiguity tolerant cultures High-ambiguity tolerant cultures feel comfortable or can have a high

5. Ambiguity tolerant cultures Low-ambiguity tolerant cultures feel uncomfortable or can have a low

6. Short term and long term orientation cultures Short term orientation cultures spend resources

7. Indulgence and restraint cultures – defines life along two dimensions Life control -

7. Indulgence and restraint cultures Indulgence cultures have high life control and high leisure;

1. Educate yourself 2. Recognize differences § Between yourself and the culturally different §

3. Confront your stereotypes 4. Adjust your communication to the other person (accommodation) 5.

Stage 1: The Honeymoon § Fascination and enchantment Stage 2: The Crisis § Frustration,

Stage 3: The Recovery § Learn skills, language, new ways; shock subsides Stage 4:

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This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program. CH 2: Culture and Interpersonal Communication (slide 1) Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Chapter 2: Culture and Interpersonal Communication

Culture consists of the relatively specialized lifestyle of a group of people that is passed on from one generation to the next through communication. § Includes everything the group has produced: values, ways of behaving, artifacts § Not genetic (like eye color) CH 2: Culture and Interpersonal Communication (slide 2) Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Culture

§ Enculturation – How you learn the culture of your birth § Ethnic identity – A commitment to the beliefs and philosophy of your culture § Acculturation – The process of learning the rules and norms of a culture that you move to CH 2: Culture and Interpersonal Communication (slide 3) Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Culture (cont. )

§ Relevance of a cultural perspective § § § Demographic changes Sensitivity to cultural differences Economic and political interdependence Spread of technology IPC is culture specific § Aim of a cultural perspective CH 2: Culture and Interpersonal Communication (slide 4) Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Culture (cont. )

1. Individualist vs. collectivist orientation Individualist cultures value the individual over group § Power and achievement § Responsible for self and immediate family § Stand out from the crowd CH 2: Culture and Interpersonal Communication (slide 5) Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Cultural Differences

1. Individualist vs. collectivist orientation Collectivist cultures value the group over the individual § Benevolence, tradition and conformity § Responsible for entire group § Take pride in similarity to other group members CH 2: Culture and Interpersonal Communication (slide 6) Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Cultural Differences (cont. )

2. High- vs. low-context cultures High-context cultures assume information is known by everyone § Information is implied rather than stated up front § Places high emphasis on relationships CH 2: Culture and Interpersonal Communication (slide 7) Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Cultural Differences (cont. )

2. High- vs. low-context cultures Low-context cultures value up front and direct communication § Information is stated explicitly and up front § Places less emphasis on relationships High context cultures are usually collectivist cultures CH 2: Culture and Interpersonal Communication (slide 8) Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Cultural Differences (cont. )

3. Power distance cultures High- power-distance cultures have a gap between people who have power and people who don’t § Great distance between those with power and those without § Power is concentrated in the hands of a few CH 2: Culture and Interpersonal Communication (slide 9) Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Cultural Differences (cont. )

3. Power distance cultures Low- power-distance cultures have little gap between people who have power and people who don’t § Minimal distance between those with power and those without § Power is distributed throughout the citizenry CH 2: Culture and Interpersonal Communication (slide 10) Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Cultural Differences (cont. )

4. Masculine vs. feminine cultures – describes a culture’s focus on achievement vs. nurturing Masculine cultures value aggressiveness, material success, strength, emphasizes traditional gender roles. CH 2: Culture and Interpersonal Communication (slide 11) Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Cultural Differences (cont. )

4. Masculine vs. feminine cultures – describes a culture’s focus on achievement vs. nurturing Feminine cultures value modesty, relationships, quality of life, tenderness CH 2: Culture and Interpersonal Communication (slide 12) Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Cultural Differences (cont. )

5. Ambiguity tolerant cultures High-ambiguity tolerant cultures feel comfortable or can have a high tolerance for ambiguous or uncertain situations § Require minimal communication rules § Tolerate individuality CH 2: Culture and Interpersonal Communication (slide 13) Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Cultural Differences (cont. )

5. Ambiguity tolerant cultures Low-ambiguity tolerant cultures feel uncomfortable or can have a low tolerance for ambiguous or uncertain situations § Create strict rules for communicating § Create highly structured and ritualized interactions CH 2: Culture and Interpersonal Communication (slide 14) Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Cultural Differences (cont. )

6. Short term and long term orientation cultures Short term orientation cultures spend resources on present goals and want quick results Long term orientation cultures focus on future rewards CH 2: Culture and Interpersonal Communication (slide 15) Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Cultural Differences (cont. )

7. Indulgence and restraint cultures – defines life along two dimensions Life control - freedom to do as you please or to have control over your life Leisure - how much leisure time or fun time you have CH 2: Culture and Interpersonal Communication (slide 16) Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Cultural Differences (cont. )

7. Indulgence and restraint cultures Indulgence cultures have high life control and high leisure; are generally happy Restraint cultures have low life control and low leisure; are generally unhappy CH 2: Culture and Interpersonal Communication (slide 17) Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Cultural Differences (cont. )

1. Educate yourself 2. Recognize differences § Between yourself and the culturally different § Within the culturally different group § Differences in meaning CH 2: Culture and Interpersonal Communication (slide 18) Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Principles for Effective Intercultural Communication

3. Confront your stereotypes 4. Adjust your communication to the other person (accommodation) 5. Reduce your ethnocentrism CH 2: Culture and Interpersonal Communication (slide 19) Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Principles for Effective Intercultural Communication (cont. )

Stage 1: The Honeymoon § Fascination and enchantment Stage 2: The Crisis § Frustration, inadequacy; actual “shock” stage CH 2: Culture and Interpersonal Communication (slide 20) Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Stages of Culture Shock

Stage 3: The Recovery § Learn skills, language, new ways; shock subsides Stage 4: The Adjustment § Enjoy new culture; periodic difficulties CH 2: Culture and Interpersonal Communication (slide 21) Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Stages of Culture Shock (cont. )