This file reviews materials in Exercises 9 10

This file reviews materials in Exercises 9, 10, 11 and it prepares students for the coming lab test. Ex. 9 (Appendicular skeleton) Ex. 10 (Fetal skeleton) Ex. 11 (Articulations and body movements) by Dr. Shaw, Zoology 251 Lab Coordinator, x 7176; donalds@utm. edu 1

Ex. 9: Appendicular skeleton 2

Required bones and markings are highlighted in 3 different colors-1. Individual bones in green 2. Articulations, extensions, and projections in yellow (condyle, crest, facet, process, etc. ) 3. Depressions, passages, and cavities in red (fissure, foramen, fossa, sinus, etc. ) 3

Right vs. Left--In order to determine if a scapula is right or left, orient it so the glenoid cavity (articulating surface) faces laterally (outward) and the spine is posterior (toward back) and superior (upper). The coracoid process should be anterior and superior. The spine points at 2 o’clock (Right side of the clock) for the right scapula, and at 10 o’clock (Left side of the clock) for the left scapula. Superior border Suprascapular notch Superior angle Acromion Supraspinous fossa Coracoid process Lateral angle Spine Glenoid Cavity (Fossa) Posterior surface Anterior surface Lateral border Medial border Inferior angle The right scapula; Anterior view The right scapula; Posterior view 4

• left or right side of body? ____; Practice 01 Right scapula • Name the bone above: _____; 5

Right vs. Left-- Orient the clavicle so the smooth (no grooves and ridges) superior surfaces up. Then, the rounded sternal (medial) end should face medially while the broad and flat acromial (lateral) end faces laterally. Finally, the medial half of the clavicle should bulge OUT (convex anteriorly) first followed by its lateral half bulges IN (concave posteriorly). Sternal end Is the above clavicle from the left or right side of the body? Right Acromial (lateral) end 6

A right clavicle or left clavicle (as shown above)? Practice 02 Right scapula and left clavicle A right scapula or left scapula (as shown below)? 7

Greater tubercle Head Lesser tubercle Anatomical neck Surgical neck Intertubercular sulcus Nutrient foramen Deltoid tuberosity Coronoid fossa Deltoid tuberosity Medial supracondylar ridge Radial fossa Lateral supracondylar ridge Medial epicondyle Lateral epicondyle Capitulum Olecranon fossa Trochlea Humerus; anterior view Humerus; posterior view 8

Practice 03 Name the bone above. ______ 9

Right vs. Left-- First orient the bones so that the rounded head is superior (up) and pointing medially (toward the body's midline). Then you will need to determine the anterior vs. posterior side. On the humerus, look for the deep olecranon fossa on the posterior side (where the olecranon process of the ulna fits in when the elbow is straightened). The specimen below is from the right side. 10

Olecranon (process) Trochlear notch Radial notch of ulna Head of radius Neck of radius Coronoid process Ulnar tuberosity Olecranon (process) Head of radius Neck of radius Radial tuberosity Ulna Radius Interosseous borders Interosseous membrane Ulnar notch of radius Head of ulna Styloid process Articular facets (a) Anterior view Styloid process (b) Posterior view 11

Practice 04 (a) Anterior view (b) Posterior view 12

The right wrist and hand, anterior (palmar, ventral) view Distal phalanx II Middle phalanx II Key to carpal bones Distal row Proximal row Phalanges (fingers) Proximal phalanx II Distal phalanx I Head Body Pollex Proximal phalanx I Base Head Metacarpals (palms) I-V Body V Base Hamulus of hamate Carpals (wrist) bones Hamate Pisiform Triquetrum Lunate IV III II I First metacarpal Trapezium Trapezoid Capitate Scaphoid Carpal bones Mnemonic for carpal bones– Sally Left The Party (proximal row); To Take Charlie Home (distal row) 13

Practice 05 The right wrist and hand, anterior (palmar, ventral) view Key to carpal bones Distal row Proximal row 14

The pelvis (two coxal/hip bones and the sacrum); anterosuperior view Iliac crest Iliac fossa Base of sacrum Ilium Sacroiliac joint Anterior superior iliac spine Pelvic surface of sacrum Anterior inferior iliac spine Pelvic inlet Coccyx Ischial spine Ischium Acetabulum Body Interpubic disc Ischial ramus Pubis Superior ramus Inferior ramus Body Pubic symphysis Obturator foramen Pubic crest Each coxal/hip bone is formed by three bones: the ilium, ischium, and pubis. 15

The pelvis (two coxal/hip bones and the sacrum); anterosuperior view ID this bone— Practice 06 16

Male Female Pelvic brim Pelvic inlet Obturator foramen 50 -60° Pubic arch 80 -90° 17

Right vs. Left-- In order to determine if a hip bone is right or left, place the bone on yourself with the iliac crest superior, hold it with acetabulum facing laterally (outward), and the obturator foramen inferior (down). Now all you need to do is determine which side is anterior vs. posterior, which can be done by looking for the rough pubic symphysis (anterior) that is at the midline to meet its fellow hip bone of the other side. Right hip bone A right or left hip bone (as shown)? Practice 07 18

Ilium Ischium Pubis Iliac crest Anterior gluteal line Inferior gluteal line Anterior superior iliac spine Posterior gluteal line Posterior superior iliac spine Posterior inferior iliac spine Anterior inferior iliac spine Greater sciatic notch Body of ilium Acetabulum Superior ramus of pubis Ischial spine Body of pubis Lesser sciatic notch Inferior ramus of pubis Body of ischium Obturator foramen Ischial tuberosity Ischial ramus Right coxal bone, lateral view 19

Ilium Ischium Pubis Right coxal bone, lateral view Practice 08 20

Iliac crest Iliac fossa Anterior superior iliac spine Posterior superior iliac spine Arcuate line Auricular surface Anterior inferior iliac spine Posterior inferior iliac spine Greater sciatic notch Ischial spine Pubic crest Location of pubic symphysis Obturator foramen Ischial ramus Right coxal bone, medial view 21

Right coxal bone, medial view Practice 09 22

Fovea capitis Greater trochanter Head Neck Lesser trochanter Intertrochanteric line Intertrochanteric crest Spiral line Gluteal tuberosity Linea aspera Shaft Medial supracondylar line Popliteal surface Lateral epicondyle Lateral supracondylar line Medial epicondyle Lateral epicondyle Medial condyle Intercondylar fossa Patellar surface Lateral condyle Patella Articular facets Apex of patella (a) Anterior view (b) Posterior view 23

Right vs. Left-- In order to distinguish right from left, first orient the bones so that the rounded head is superior (up) and pointing medially (toward the body's midline). Then you will need to determine the anterior vs. posterior side. On the femur, look for the patellar surface, which is anterior. Also note how the articulating surfaces of the condyles extends far back on the posterior side (since the knee bends back but not forward). The specimen below is from the right side. ID the bone— Practice 10 Posterior view 24

Intercondylar eminence Medial condyle Apex Head of fibula Tibial tuberosity Proximal tibiofibular joint Lateral surface Lateral condyle Interosseous membrane Anterior border (crest) Tibia Mnemonic for location of tibia and fibula: The fibu. LA is LAteral. Fibula Distal tibiofibular joint Medial malleolus Lateral malleolus (a) Anterior view (b) Posterior view 25

Right vs. Left-- You need to tell right from left for the tibia. To do so, first orient the tibia so that the larger flatter end is superior (up). The anterior border (crest or shin) should of course be anterior (front). Finally, the medial side can be determined by the medial malleolus (remember that the malleoli bracket the ankle and since the tibia is the medial bone of the lower limb, its malleolus must be medial). A right tibia is shown below. Anterior view Practice 11 26

Superior (dorsal) view Distal phalanx I Hallux Distal phalanx V Proximal phalanx I Metatarsal Middle phalanx V I II III Proximal phalanx V IV V Medial cuneiform Intermediate cuneiform Lateral cuneiform Navicular Talus Cuboid Calcaneus Trochlear surface of talus Tarsal bones Key to tarsal bones Distal group Tuberosity of calcaneus Proximal group Mnemonic for tarsal bones– CAn TALented NAVal MEDIcs INTERest LAzy CUBscouts? 27

Superior (dorsal) view Key to tarsal bones Distal group Proximal group Practice 12 28

Ex. 10: Fetal skeleton 29

Coronal suture Frontal bone Sphenoid fontanel Parietal bone Lambdoid suture Nasal bone Squamous suture Maxilla Occipital bone Zygomatic bone Mastoid fontanel Temporal bone Mandible Sphenoid bone (a) Lateral view 30

Metopic suture Anterior fontanel Sagittal suture Parietal bone Posterior (occipital) fontanel (b) Superior view 31

(a) Lateral view Practice 13 (b) Superior view 32

Ex. 11: Articulations and body movements Required structures are highlighted. 33

Proximal phalanx Ligament Joint cavity containing synovial fluid Articular cartilages Fibrous capsule Periosteum Bone Joint capsule Synovial membrane Middle phalanx 34

Femur Patellar surface Medial condyle Lateral condyle Posterior cruciate ligament Fibular collateral ligament Anterior cruciate ligament Lateral meniscus Medial meniscus Tibial collateral ligament Transverse ligament Patellar ligament (cut) Fibula Tibia (a) Anterior view 35

Practice 14 (a) Anterior view 36

Femur Medial condyle Anterior cruciate ligament Tibial collateral ligament Fibular collateral ligament Medial meniscus Lateral meniscus Articular cartilage of tibia Posterior cruciate ligament Fibula Tibia (b) Posterior view 37

Quadriceps femoris tendon Femur Suprapatellar bursa Bursa under lateral head of gastrocnemius Prepatellar bursa Joint capsule Patella Articular cartilage Synovial membrane Meniscus Joint cavity Infrapatellar fat pad Superficial infrapatellar bursa Patellar ligament Tibia Deep infrapatellar bursa (c) Sagittal section 38

Lateral meniscus Posterior cruciate ligament Medial meniscus Synovial membrane Medial condyle of tibia Lateral condyle of tibia Anterior cruciate ligament (d) Superior view of tibia and menisci 39

1. Ball-and-socket joints– • • Features: Smooth hemispherical head fits within a cuplike depression Examples: – (shoulder) head of humerus into glenoid cavity of scapula (shown below) – (hip) head of femur into acetabulum of hip bone Head of humerus Scapula 40

2. Condylar joints– • • Features: Oval convex surface on one bone fits into a similarly shaped depression on the next Examples: – radiocarpal joint of the wrist – metacarpophalangeal joints at the bases of the fingers (shown below) Metacarpal bone Phalanx 41

3. Saddle joints– • Features: Each articular surface is shaped like a saddle, concave in one direction and convex in the other bone (like a sitting rider) • Example: – trapeziometacarpal joint at the base of the thumb (as shown below) Trapezium Metacarpal bone 42

4. Gliding (plane) joints— • Features: Flat articular surfaces in which bones slide over each other • Examples: – between the carpal bones of the wrist (shown below) – the tarsal bones of the ankle – articular processes of the vertebrae Carpal bones 43

5. Hinge joints— • Features: One bone with convex surface that fits into a concave depression on other bone • Examples: – ulna and humerus at elbow joint (trochlea of the humerus fits into the trochlear notch of the ulna) (shown below) – femur and tibia at knee joint (tibiofemoral) Humerus Ulna 44

6. Pivot joints– • Features: One bone rotates on its longitudinal axis relative to the other • Examples: – proximal radioulnar joint; the radius pivots during pronation and supination (as shown below) – atlantoaxial joint (dens of axis to atlas) Ulna Radius 45

Hyperextension Flexion Extension Flexion (a) (b) Flexion Hip flexion Hyperextension (c) Knee flexion Extension (d) 46

Identify the body movements below. (a) Abduction Practice 15 (b) Adduction 47

Identify the body movements below. Practice 16 (a) Medial (internal) rotation (b) Lateral (external) rotation 48

Identify the body movements below. Practice 17 Circumduction 49

Identify the body movements below. (a) Supination Practice 18 (b) Pronation 50

Identify the body movements below. Dorsiflexion Zero position (b) Inversion (c) Eversion Plantar flexion (a) Flexion of ankle Practice 19 51

Models with KEYS 52

KEY CARD (Synovial joint of left knee)-- ALL are required terminologies. Educational + Scientific Products (ESP) in England (ZJY-940 -J) 1. (in blue)– Articular cartilage; 2. (in white)-- Synovial membrane 3. Femur; 4. Tibia 5. Medial meniscus; 6. Lateral meniscus 7. (in green)-- Fibrous capsule (outside synovial membrane; together synovial membrane and fibrous capsule are called joint capsule) 8. (in red)-- Tibial collateral ligament 9. Sponge (cancellous) bone showing patterning of the bony trabeculae 10. Marrow cavity 53

Knee (Anterior view)—All are required terminologies. 1. Femur; 2 a. Lateral condyle of femur; 2 b. Medial condyle of femur; 3. Fibular (lateral) collateral ligament; 4 a. Lateral meniscus; 4 b. Medial meniscus; 5. Tibial (medial) collateral ligament; 6. Anterior cruciate ligament; 8. Patellar ligament; 9. Tibia; 10. Fibula; 11. Tendon of the quadriceps muscle; 12. location of patella (covered by tendon) 54

Knee (Posterior view)– All are required terminologies 1. Femur; 2 a. Medial condyle of femur; 2 b. Lateral condyle of femur; 3. Fibular (lateral) collateral ligament; 4 a. Lateral meniscus; 4 b. Medial meniscus; 5. Tibial (medial) collateral ligament; 9. Tibia; 10. Fibula; 13 a. Medial articular cartilage of tibia; 13 b. Lateral articular cartilage of tibia; 14. Posterior cruciate ligament 55