Third world in space What is Third World

Third world in space

What is ”Third World”? • The term Third World is from the times of the Cold War to distinguish those nations that are neither aligned with the West (NATO) nor with the East, the Communist bloc. • The First World: – USA, – Western Europe, – their allies (Japan, Australia, Canada, South Africa. . . ) • The Second World / Communist Bloc – the Soviet Union, – China, – Mongolia, Cuba, and friends. • The remaining nations, which aligned with neither group, were assigned to the Third World. This is an outdated division and hardly makes sense in 2017. However…

Perception test: Countries with and without established space programs: WITH • USA • Russia • EU • China • Japan • India WITHOUT • African countries – Egypt, Congo, Ghana, … • Middle East countries – Israel, Arab Emirates, … • Central and South America – Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Peru, … • Most of Asia and Oceania What about Australia? Canada? Post-soviet states? – South Korea, Pakistan, Taiwan, Singapore, … sive o cl n i t Li n s i st u

What are Space benefits? • Military use: – Spy satellites – Weapon delivery – Military reconnaissance • Commercial use: – – – – Communication satellites Remote sensing satellites (for example, disaster relief) Weather satellites Navigation satellites Material processing in space, space mining Tourism ? • Research and education: – Technological development – Planetary reconnaissance • ?

Why space for a developing nation? • 80 percent of humanity lives on $10 or less a day • With a billion people still in poverty, why would any of poor countries invest in rocket science? From speech of Jose Raimundo Braga Coelho, president of the Brazilian Space Agency: “We cannot guarantee Brazil’s sovereignty as long as our defense communications are being carried by other countries. Brazil is a gigantic country and we need Brazilian satellites watching over it. ”

Millennium Development Goals adopted by the UN in September 2002 Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women Goal 4: Reduce child mortality Goal 5: Improve maternal health Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development “Consideration of the list of goals and targets in Table 1 suggests that space technology should play a key role in achieving the MDGs. ” P. Martinez, “The African Leadership Conference on Space Science and Technology for Sustainable Development”, 2012, Space Policy 28, pp. 3337

Space benefits for developing countries: • Military. • Stimulating economical growth: – Job creation – Technology advancement – Mapping of vital resources (water, thermal energy, civil engineering. . . ) – Weather prediction and disaster relief, climate monitoring • Socio-political benefits: – International cooperation – Redistribution of resources – “Earth as one nation”

List of rocket launch sites (selected countries) Africa Operation time Operated by Algeria (2) 1947 -1967 France Congo 1977 -1978 Germany Egypt 1950 ies-present Egyptian military Kenya 1964 -1988 Italy Libia 1981 -1982 Germany Operation time Operated by Australia (3) 1950 ies-present UK / Australia Marshall Islands 1950 ies-present US military/ Space. X Falcon 1. New Zealand 2017 - present New Zealand Oceania

List of rocket launch sites (selected countries) South America Operation time Operated by Argentina (9) 1961 -present Argentinian CONAE (in English, National Space Activities Commission) Brazil (3) 1965 -present Brazilian Air Force, Brazilian Space Agency. French Guiana 1968 -present CNES for ESA Peru (2) No data Suriname 1965 -1968 No data Operation time Operated by India (3) 1962 -present India (ISRA) Iran (3) 1991 -present Military Japan (6) 1962 -present JAXA North Korea (2) 1998 -present Military South Korea (2) 1993 -present South Korea Maldives No data Australia Pakistan (2) 1960 ies-present Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO) of Pakistan Taiwan 1988 -present Taiwan (technology development project) Asia and Middle East

Ukraine • After USSR collapsed, Ukraine inherited Yuzhmash aerospace manufacturer. • It produced spacecraft, launch vehicles (Zenit, Tsyklon), liquid -propellant rockets, landing gears. • Participated in the Sea Launch consortium to launch Zenit-3 SL from a floating launch platform in the Pacific Ocean. • Because of war with Russia (its main partner), currently bankrupt.

Democratic Republic of the Congo TROPOSPHÈRE V carrying a rat named Kavira on board, was designed to reach an altitude of 36 km and a speed of Mach 3. The rocket was launched on March 29, 2009. Launch ended in failure - the rocket took off but had deviated from its course and was lost in the distance.

Ghana • The cubesat, built by a Ghanaian engineering team at All Nations University, was delivered to NASA’s International Space Station in June on a Space. X rocket

Other African nations: • Nigeria Program Founded: 1998 Budget: $93 million (initial funding) Nigeria actually has its own space agency. The organization sent up its first satellite, a weather unit, back in 2003. In May 2007, China assisted in the launch of Nig. Com. Sat-1, which helps provide Internet access to rural areas of the country. • Algeria Program Founded: 2002 Budget: Unknown France helped establish a constellation of desert launch sites more than 60 years ago. In 2002, the newly formed Agence Spatiale Algerienne blasted up Alsat-1, a 200 -pound cube that has beamed back more than 1, 000 photos as well as intel for disaster relief.

India • • • The Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) founded in 1968 First Indian-developed satellite was launched by USSR in 1975 By 1980 ISRO developed first Indian-made launch vehicle ISRO subsequently developed two other rockets: the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) for launching satellites into polar orbits and the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) for placing satellites into geostationary orbits. one lunar orbiter, Chandrayaan-1, on 22 October 2008 one Mars orbiter, Mars Orbiter Mission, which successfully entered Mars orbit on 24 September 2014, making India the first nation to succeed on its first attempt, and ISRO the fourth space agency in the world as well as the first space agency in Asia to successfully reach Mars orbit.

Brazil • • The Brazilian Space Agency is the heir to Brazilian space program. Previously, the program had been under the control of the Brazilian military; the program was transferred into civilian control on 10 February 1994. The Brazilian Space Agency has pursued a policy of joint technological development with more advanced space programs. Initially it relied heavily on the United States, but after meeting difficulties from them on technological transfers, Brazil has branched out, working with other nations, including China, India, Russia and Ukraine.

Israel • First rocket launch in 1961, first satellite in 1988. • Primary activity in space stems from security needs. • Developed highly advanced space industry and indigenous infrastructure of space technology in niche areas of reconnaissance, remote sensing, Earth observations, communications. • Aims of space program: – Place Israel in a competative position in space; – Study space utilization to secure life on Earth; • Strong cooperation with the NASA, ESA, CNES, etc.

Iran Program Founded: 2003 In October 2005, Iran launched its first satellite, Sina-1, aboard a Russian rocket. In 2008, the country fired its own rocket, Kavoshgar-1, designed to scout future orbital paths. In 2009 Iran became the 9 th country to put a domesticallybuilt satellite into orbit using its own launcher. It’s also the sixth to send animals in space.

United Arab Emirates Prior to 2009 UAE had already launched satellites and established an Earth Observation Space Center in Abu Dhabi • UAE space agency - established in 2014 by presidential decree. • Emirates Mars Mission (EMM) or Mars Hope probe - the spacecraft is set to arrive at Mars in 2021 to coincide with the 50 th anniversary of the founding of the UAE. From “Introduction to UAE’s National Space Policy”: “The establishment of the UAE Space Agency and the Mars Hope probe project symbolize the ambitious UAE Vision 2021, which will see the establishment of a more diverse and sustainable economy that is based on knowledge and innovation” •

Newest space agencies • The South African National Space Agency (SANSA) was established in 2010. • In 1967, Australia became third nation to design and launch a satellite to orbit the earth. But Australia still has no space agency, this year it declared it will establish one.

Thought-food: • What is the most efficient way for a developing nation to start a space program? • Does space promotes or reduces inequality inside the country? Between the countries? • Does international collaboration create opportunities or overload of bureaucracy? • Are we ready to share the space?