Thinking Geographically Overview Although this section of the

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Thinking Geographically Overview Although this section of the course is composed of introductory material

Thinking Geographically Overview Although this section of the course is composed of introductory material and accounts for only 5 to 10 percent of the AP Exam, it can be challenging for AP Human Geography teachers because it contains important geographic concepts: due to its definitional nature, the new geography teacher may have difficulty presenting this material in a manner that students can easily grasp. However, the concepts of location, space, place, scale, pattern, regionalization, and globalization are fundamental to the study of geography, and this section of the course is compulsory. Subsequent sections will provide many opportunities to apply these tools and concepts, thus reinforcing students’ understanding of them. Students learn how to use and interpret maps and to understand the role of mental mapping.

Overview I. Geography: Its Nature and Perspectives 5– 10% A. Geography as a field

Overview I. Geography: Its Nature and Perspectives 5– 10% A. Geography as a field of inquiry B. Evolution of key geographical concepts and models associated with notable geographers C. Key concepts underlying the geographical perspective: location, space, place, scale, pattern, regionalization, and globalization D. Key geographical skills 1. How to use and think about maps and spatial data 2. How to understand interpret the implications of associations among phenomena in places 3. How to recognize and interpret at different scales the relationships among patterns and processes 4. How to define regions and evaluate the regionalization process 5. How to characterize and analyze changing interconnections among places E. New geographic technologies, such as GIS and GPS F. Sources of geographical ideas and data: the field, census data

Geography as a field of inquiry • Interdisciplinary Perspective • Spatial Distributions (knowing) –

Geography as a field of inquiry • Interdisciplinary Perspective • Spatial Distributions (knowing) – Who or what, when, where – Anything that can be mapped • Spatial Processes (understanding) – Why/how did it evolve • Spatial Prediction and Decision Making (applying) – How can distributions be preserved or changed

What Is Human Geography? The study of • How people make places • How

What Is Human Geography? The study of • How people make places • How we organize space and society • How we interact with each other in places and across space • How we make sense of others and ourselves in our locality, region, and world Th w e y h f o h w e r e

Spatial Distribution • Spatial distribution and pattern • Processes that create and sustain a

Spatial Distribution • Spatial distribution and pattern • Processes that create and sustain a distribution Map of Cholera Victims in London’s Soho District in 1854 Patterns of victim’s homes and water pump locations key to the source of the disease

Globalization A set of processes that are • Increasing interactions • Deepening relationships •

Globalization A set of processes that are • Increasing interactions • Deepening relationships • Heightening interdependence without regard to country borders A set of outcomes that are • Unevenly distributed • Varying across scales • Differently manifested throughout the world Impact of individual, regional, national scales on processes and outcomes of globalization

Place Sense of place: Infusing a place with meaning and emotion Perception of place:

Place Sense of place: Infusing a place with meaning and emotion Perception of place: Belief or understanding of what a place is like, often based on books, movies, stories, or pictures Often associated with where we prefer to live, visit etc.

Location • Absolute location – Precise location using a coordinate system – Latitude and

Location • Absolute location – Precise location using a coordinate system – Latitude and longitude most common – Measured by geographic positioning systems (GPS) • Relative location – Location in relation to something else – Changes over time with changing circumstances

Regions Formal region: Defined by a common characteristic, whether physical or cultural, present throughout

Regions Formal region: Defined by a common characteristic, whether physical or cultural, present throughout e. g. , German-speaking region of Europe Functional region: Defined by a set of social, political, or economic activities or interactions e. g. , an urban area, city and suburbs

Regions Perceptual Region: Ideas in our minds, based on accumulated knowledge of places and

Regions Perceptual Region: Ideas in our minds, based on accumulated knowledge of places and regions, that define an area of “sameness” or “connectedness”

Cultural Landscape The visible human imprint, the material character of a place Religion and

Cultural Landscape The visible human imprint, the material character of a place Religion and cremation practices spread with Hindu migrants from India to Kenya

Sequent Occupance Layers of imprints in a cultural landscape reflecting years of differing human

Sequent Occupance Layers of imprints in a cultural landscape reflecting years of differing human activity Apartments in Mumbai, India Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: African, Arab, German, British, Indian “layers. ” Apartments replaced earlier singlefamily houses

Types of Diffusion • Expansion diffusion: Idea or innovation spreading outward from the hearth

Types of Diffusion • Expansion diffusion: Idea or innovation spreading outward from the hearth – Contagious: Spreads to next available person – Hierarchical: Spreads to most linked people or places first – Stimulus: Promotes local experiment or change

Types of Diffusion • Relocation diffusion: Paris, France Movement of individuals who carry an

Types of Diffusion • Relocation diffusion: Paris, France Movement of individuals who carry an idea or innovation with them to a new, perhaps distant locale Kenya : H. J. de Blij : A. B. Murphy

Mental Maps we carry in our minds of places we have been and places

Mental Maps we carry in our minds of places we have been and places we have heard of Activity Spaces The places we travel to routinely in our rounds of daily activity

Geographic Information System (GIS) Computer hardware and software that permit storage and analysis of

Geographic Information System (GIS) Computer hardware and software that permit storage and analysis of layers of spatial data

Scale

Scale

1. All of the following are true about contagious diffusion except: A. B. C.

1. All of the following are true about contagious diffusion except: A. B. C. D. E. Islam spread this way it is a type of expansion diffusion a disease can spread this way AIDS spread this way an idea can NOT spread this way

1. All of the following are true about contagious diffusion except: A. B. C.

1. All of the following are true about contagious diffusion except: A. B. C. D. E. Islam spread this way it is a type of expansion diffusion a disease can spread this way AIDS spread this way an idea can NOT spread this way

2. The imprint of cultures on the land creates distinct and characteristic cultural __________:

2. The imprint of cultures on the land creates distinct and characteristic cultural __________: A. B. C. D. E. hearths landscapes diffusion perception environment

2. The imprint of cultures on the land creates distinct and characteristic cultural __________:

2. The imprint of cultures on the land creates distinct and characteristic cultural __________: A. B. C. D. E. hearths landscapes diffusion perception environment

3. The emerging link between physical and human geography is: A. B. C. D.

3. The emerging link between physical and human geography is: A. B. C. D. E. natural science location theory environmental theory cultural geography spatial perspective

3. The emerging link between physical and human geography is: A. B. C. D.

3. The emerging link between physical and human geography is: A. B. C. D. E. natural science location theory environmental theory cultural geography spatial perspective

4. All of the following are characteristics of a region except: A. B. C.

4. All of the following are characteristics of a region except: A. B. C. D. E. location scale area boundary A, B and C

4. All of the following are characteristics of a region except: A. B. C.

4. All of the following are characteristics of a region except: A. B. C. D. E. location scale area boundary A, B and C

5. Which of the following is not one of Pattison's Four Traditions: A. B.

5. Which of the following is not one of Pattison's Four Traditions: A. B. C. D. E. Earth-Science tradition Culture-Environment tradition Spatial Tradition Location Tradition Area-Analysis Tradition

5. Which of the following is not one of Pattison's Four Traditions: A. B.

5. Which of the following is not one of Pattison's Four Traditions: A. B. C. D. E. Earth-Science tradition Culture-Environment tradition Spatial Tradition Location Tradition Area-Analysis Tradition

6. What is diffusion? A. the movement of people from one country to another

6. What is diffusion? A. the movement of people from one country to another B. the spread of ideas or knowledge from areas of origin to places where they are adopted C. the adoption of an idea by an individual D. the movement of people E. an area defined by its space

6. What is diffusion? A. the movement of people from one country to another

6. What is diffusion? A. the movement of people from one country to another B. the spread of ideas or knowledge from areas of origin to places where they are adopted C. the adoption of an idea by an individual D. the movement of people E. an area defined by its space

7. How is the spatial perspective demonstrated? A. B. C. D. E. through economic

7. How is the spatial perspective demonstrated? A. B. C. D. E. through economic geography through the history of a region through the use of maps through religion through the use of graphs

7. How is the spatial perspective demonstrated? A. B. C. D. E. through economic

7. How is the spatial perspective demonstrated? A. B. C. D. E. through economic geography through the history of a region through the use of maps through religion through the use of graphs

8. Arrows are one of the most useful symbols used on maps but there

8. Arrows are one of the most useful symbols used on maps but there are limitations to what they can show. Which of the following could arrows NOT show: A. B. C. D. E. direction of movement destination of movement volume of movement reason for movement origin of movement

8. Arrows are one of the most useful symbols used on maps but there

8. Arrows are one of the most useful symbols used on maps but there are limitations to what they can show. Which of the following could arrows NOT show: A. B. C. D. E. direction of movement destination of movement volume of movement reason for movement origin of movement

9. The spread of ideas, knowledge, and skills from their places of origin to

9. The spread of ideas, knowledge, and skills from their places of origin to other areas where they are adopted is called: A. B. C. D. E. diffusion adjustment growth expansion migration

9. The spread of ideas, knowledge, and skills from their places of origin to

9. The spread of ideas, knowledge, and skills from their places of origin to other areas where they are adopted is called: A. B. C. D. E. diffusion adjustment growth expansion migration

10. The location of a place in relationship to other places or features around

10. The location of a place in relationship to other places or features around it is called: A. B. C. D. E. absolute location site relative location actual location global address

10. The location of a place in relationship to other places or features around

10. The location of a place in relationship to other places or features around it is called: A. B. C. D. E. absolute location site relative location actual location global address

11. The one problem common to all map projections is that they: A. B.

11. The one problem common to all map projections is that they: A. B. C. D. E. will only fit on a certain size paper distort something all are copyrighted require different size lines can't show enough detail

11. The one problem common to all map projections is that they: A. B.

11. The one problem common to all map projections is that they: A. B. C. D. E. will only fit on a certain size paper distort something all are copyrighted require different size lines can't show enough detail

12. The maximum number of degrees of latitude that can be measured on the

12. The maximum number of degrees of latitude that can be measured on the Earth is: A. B. C. D. E. 90' 45' 60' 180' 360'

12. The maximum number of degrees of latitude that can be measured on the

12. The maximum number of degrees of latitude that can be measured on the Earth is: A. B. C. D. E. 90' 45' 60' 180' 360'

13. The prime meridian from which longitude is measured runs through which of the

13. The prime meridian from which longitude is measured runs through which of the following cities: A. B. C. D. E. New York Greenwich Moscow Brussels Sao Paulo

13. The prime meridian from which longitude is measured runs through which of the

13. The prime meridian from which longitude is measured runs through which of the following cities: A. B. C. D. E. New York Greenwich Moscow Brussels Sao Paulo

14. Latitude and longitude may be used to determine which of the following: A.

14. Latitude and longitude may be used to determine which of the following: A. B. C. D. E. the site features of a place the relative location of the place the absolute location of a place the situation of a place the meaning of a place

14. Latitude and longitude may be used to determine which of the following: A.

14. Latitude and longitude may be used to determine which of the following: A. B. C. D. E. the site features of a place the relative location of the place the absolute location of a place the situation of a place the meaning of a place

15. Hierarchical diffusion is a type of: A. B. C. D. E. expansion diffusion

15. Hierarchical diffusion is a type of: A. B. C. D. E. expansion diffusion stimulus diffusion relocation diffusion contagious diffusion independent diffusion

15. Hierarchical diffusion is a type of: A. B. C. D. E. expansion diffusion

15. Hierarchical diffusion is a type of: A. B. C. D. E. expansion diffusion stimulus diffusion relocation diffusion contagious diffusion independent diffusion

16. Which of the following would not be part of the cultural landscape? A.

16. Which of the following would not be part of the cultural landscape? A. B. C. D. E. fences barns livestock roads rainfall

16. Which of the following would not be part of the cultural landscape? A.

16. Which of the following would not be part of the cultural landscape? A. B. C. D. E. fences barns livestock roads rainfall

17. The situation of a place is best described by: A. where it is

17. The situation of a place is best described by: A. where it is located in respect to other places B. where it is located on the grid of latitude and longitude C. its physical attributes D. its economic conditions E. the political system

17. The situation of a place is best described by: A. where it is

17. The situation of a place is best described by: A. where it is located in respect to other places B. where it is located on the grid of latitude and longitude C. its physical attributes D. its economic conditions E. the political system

18. Which of the following describes the site of New York City: A. a

18. Which of the following describes the site of New York City: A. a large number of people B. a large number of languages spoken in schools C. the bedrock is granite D. a large percentage of the population is poor E. a high crime rate

18. Which of the following describes the site of New York City: A. a

18. Which of the following describes the site of New York City: A. a large number of people B. a large number of languages spoken in schools C. the bedrock is granite D. a large percentage of the population is poor E. a high crime rate

19. A map of the world on which the lines of latitude and longitude

19. A map of the world on which the lines of latitude and longitude are straight and intersect at right angles will: A. be useful for showing the distribution of the human population B. show the correct size of areas on the surface C. show correct distances on the surface of the earth D. show the correct shape of areas on the surface of the earth E. exaggerate the size of Africa

19. A map of the world on which the lines of latitude and longitude

19. A map of the world on which the lines of latitude and longitude are straight and intersect at right angles will: A. be useful for showing the distribution of the human population B. show the correct size of areas on the surface C. show correct distances on the surface of the earth D. show the correct shape of areas on the surface of the earth E. exaggerate the size of Africa

20. A map in which data are assigned to class intervals and colors or

20. A map in which data are assigned to class intervals and colors or patterns are used to distinguish magnitude of occurrences is called a(an): A. B. C. D. E. dot distribution map azimuthal map choropleth map topographic map cartogram

20. A map in which data are assigned to class intervals and colors or

20. A map in which data are assigned to class intervals and colors or patterns are used to distinguish magnitude of occurrences is called a(an): A. B. C. D. E. dot distribution map azimuthal map choropleth map topographic map cartogram

21. Which of the following are formal regions: A. the state of Iowa B.

21. Which of the following are formal regions: A. the state of Iowa B. the Near East C. the area served by the Second Federal Reserve Bank of the United States D. Dixie E. the attendance area of your high school

21. Which of the following are formal regions: A. the state of Iowa B.

21. Which of the following are formal regions: A. the state of Iowa B. the Near East C. the area served by the Second Federal Reserve Bank of the United States D. Dixie E. the attendance area of your high school

22. When certain maps identifying the physical features of a place or region include

22. When certain maps identifying the physical features of a place or region include contour lines, their purpose is to show: A. B. C. D. E. local boundaries differences in elevation variations in population densities latitude and longitude distances between places

22. When certain maps identifying the physical features of a place or region include

22. When certain maps identifying the physical features of a place or region include contour lines, their purpose is to show: A. B. C. D. E. local boundaries differences in elevation variations in population densities latitude and longitude distances between places

23. Which of the following is the best example of a transition zone? A.

23. Which of the following is the best example of a transition zone? A. B. C. D. E. The Sahel Great Lakes Region Nile River Appalachian Mountains San Andreas Fault

23. Which of the following is the best example of a transition zone? A.

23. Which of the following is the best example of a transition zone? A. B. C. D. E. The Sahel Great Lakes Region Nile River Appalachian Mountains San Andreas Fault

24. Which of these is an example of a perceptual region? A. Northeast Corridor

24. Which of these is an example of a perceptual region? A. Northeast Corridor B. Corn Belt C. Central Division of the National Football League D. Metropolitan Tokyo E. Dixie

24. Which of these is an example of a perceptual region? A. Northeast Corridor

24. Which of these is an example of a perceptual region? A. Northeast Corridor B. Corn Belt C. Central Division of the National Football League D. Metropolitan Tokyo E. Dixie

25. What does a large scale map show? A. B. C. D. E. a

25. What does a large scale map show? A. B. C. D. E. a large area an unbalanced area a small area an undefined area an uninhabited area

25. What does a large scale map show? A. B. C. D. E. a

25. What does a large scale map show? A. B. C. D. E. a large area an unbalanced area a small area an undefined area an uninhabited area

26. Which of these descriptors best identifies the concept of culture as applied by

26. Which of these descriptors best identifies the concept of culture as applied by human geographers? A. a civilized pattern of behavior B. an expression of artistic qualities found in music, drama and dance C. a combination of habits relating to such qualities as personal hygiene and eating habits D. learned patterns of behavior common to a group of people E. the oral tradition on which a society's customs are based

26. Which of these descriptors best identifies the concept of culture as applied by

26. Which of these descriptors best identifies the concept of culture as applied by human geographers? A. a civilized pattern of behavior B. an expression of artistic qualities found in music, drama and dance C. a combination of habits relating to such qualities as personal hygiene and eating habits D. learned patterns of behavior common to a group of people E. the oral tradition on which a society's customs are based

27. Which one of these terms does a geographer use to identify such human

27. Which one of these terms does a geographer use to identify such human phenomena as roads, ports, and rail systems? A. B. C. D. E. infrastructure functional specialization centripetal forces mercantilism theoretical models

27. Which one of these terms does a geographer use to identify such human

27. Which one of these terms does a geographer use to identify such human phenomena as roads, ports, and rail systems? A. B. C. D. E. infrastructure functional specialization centripetal forces mercantilism theoretical models

28. A researcher for a non-governmental relief agency is developing a data base on

28. A researcher for a non-governmental relief agency is developing a data base on the human geography of equatorial Africa. What is an example of a correct column label that he should include on the chart? A. B. C. D. E. Gross Domestic Product per Capita Key Categories of Vegetation Annual Precipitation Totals Major Landforms Acreage of National Parks/Game Preserves

28. A researcher for a non-governmental relief agency is developing a data base on

28. A researcher for a non-governmental relief agency is developing a data base on the human geography of equatorial Africa. What is an example of a correct column label that he should include on the chart? A. B. C. D. E. Gross Domestic Product per Capita Key Categories of Vegetation Annual Precipitation Totals Major Landforms Acreage of National Parks/Game Preserves

29. Which of geography's five themes examines the arrangement of road networks? A. B.

29. Which of geography's five themes examines the arrangement of road networks? A. B. C. D. E. location place region movement human/environment interaction

29. Which of geography's five themes examines the arrangement of road networks? A. B.

29. Which of geography's five themes examines the arrangement of road networks? A. B. C. D. E. location place region movement human/environment interaction

30. Transplanting rice as a labor intensive activity done by hand in Sichuan Province

30. Transplanting rice as a labor intensive activity done by hand in Sichuan Province in the People's Republic of China best represents the: A. theme of absolute location B. application of Pattison's cultureenvironmental tradition C. similarities among the world's agricultural regions D. method of rice production used universally E. relationship between humans and their physical environment

30. Transplanting rice as a labor intensive activity done by hand in Sichuan Province

30. Transplanting rice as a labor intensive activity done by hand in Sichuan Province in the People's Republic of China best represents the: A. theme of absolute location B. application of Pattison's cultureenvironmental tradition C. similarities among the world's agricultural regions D. method of rice production used universally E. relationship between humans and their physical environment

31. A set of processes that are increasing interactions and interdependence without regard to

31. A set of processes that are increasing interactions and interdependence without regard to country borders A. B. C. D. E. culture complex culture trait contagious diffusion spatial distribution globalization

32. The study of how people make places, organize space, and interact with each

32. The study of how people make places, organize space, and interact with each other A. B. C. D. E. Human geography Physical geography Cultural landscape Cultural diffusion Globalization

33. The physical arrangement of a geographic phenomena across space A. Contagious diffusion B.

33. The physical arrangement of a geographic phenomena across space A. Contagious diffusion B. Spatial distribution C. Physical geography D. Cultural landscape E. Mental Map

34. The origin of a particular way of life A. B. C. D. E.

34. The origin of a particular way of life A. B. C. D. E. Culture Complex Culture Hearth Diffusion Inception Epicenter

35. The movement of ideas from one culture to another A. B. C. D.

35. The movement of ideas from one culture to another A. B. C. D. E. Migration Incorporation Assimilation Acculturation Diffusion

36. The distance-controlled spreading of an idea, innovation, or some other item through a

36. The distance-controlled spreading of an idea, innovation, or some other item through a local population by contact from person to person is: A. B. C. D. E. Distance Decay Movement of ideas Globalization Contagious Diffusion Glocalization

37. Which of the following is NOT one of the five themes of geography?

37. Which of the following is NOT one of the five themes of geography? A. B. C. D. E. Religion Place Location People-Environment Region

38. Which is false about latitude and longitude? A. B. C. D. E. latitude

38. Which is false about latitude and longitude? A. B. C. D. E. latitude lines run east – west Longitude lines measure north- south They help people locate exact location They form an imaginary grid system They are listed with latitude stated first

39. What is the difference between a topographic map and a toponym? A. The

39. What is the difference between a topographic map and a toponym? A. The topographic map shows political placenames, while the toponym explains how a place is named. B. The topographic map shows population statistics through the use of varying sizes of dots, the toponym identifies size of population by size of dot. C. The topographic map shows changes in elevation, while the toponym is a place name. D. The topographic map identifies physical features, a toponym categorizes features.

40. What does a large scale map show? A. A large amount of land

40. What does a large scale map show? A. A large amount of land with great detail. B. A large amount of land with scant detail. C. A small amount of land with scant detail. D. A small amount of land with great detail.

41. Which is an example of a perceptual region? A. B. C. D. E.

41. Which is an example of a perceptual region? A. B. C. D. E. Northeast Corridor Dairy Belt Dixie Northeast Division of the American Hockey League Metropoitan Mexico

42. Which is not a type of map scale A. B. C. D. Regional

42. Which is not a type of map scale A. B. C. D. Regional Linear Representative Fraction Verbal

43. When you picture your activity space in your mind, this is called a

43. When you picture your activity space in your mind, this is called a … A. B. C. D. E. Physical Map Special Purpose Map Thematic Map Mental Map Topographic Map

44. Which of the following sets of maps would help explain how scale of

44. Which of the following sets of maps would help explain how scale of inquiry affects truth? a. maps showing the area of France before and after surveying b. maps of Hudson Bay drawn by Native Americans and by the earliest European travelers c. maps showing Michigan’s population density by counties and the United States population density by state d. maps showing the number of auto thefts per block in Seattle in the decades before and after the Great Depression e. maps of gang graffiti in Philadelphia

44. The “why of where” refers to a. geography’s emphasis on landscape features. b.

44. The “why of where” refers to a. geography’s emphasis on landscape features. b. spatial patterns on the landscape. c. a definition of geography that is simply locational. d. the idea that the explanation of a spatial pattern is crucial. e. the depiction of a region’s physical features

Matching of Regions 45. formal region 46. functional region 47. vernacular region a. Milwaukee

Matching of Regions 45. formal region 46. functional region 47. vernacular region a. Milwaukee b. the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel c. Wisconsin d. the South e. an airline hub f. Rust Belt

What type of map Projection?

What type of map Projection?

Matching… 48. a computer system that stores, organizes, retrieves, analyzes, and displays geographic data

Matching… 48. a computer system that stores, organizes, retrieves, analyzes, and displays geographic data a. cultural diffusion 49. the forms superimposed on the physical environment by the activities of humans b. cultural ecology 50. the spread of an idea or innovation from its source 51. interactions between human societies and the physical environment c. cultural landscape d. environmental determinism 52. a space-based global navigation satellite system e. GIS 53. the physical environment, rather than social conditions, determines culture 54. the small- or large-scale acquisition of information of an object or phenomenon, either in recording or real time f. GPS g. remote sensing